Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Microbial Activity of Indole Derivatives

Indoles are probably the most widely distributed heterocyclic compound in nature. Tryptophan and essential amino acid as such is constituent of most proteins. Starting materials were identified by physical, chromatographic and spectral analysis. For substituted isonitroso acetanilide 3.6 gm (0.05M) of chloral hydrate and 48 ml of purified water was taken in it. Then 44 gm of crystallized anhydrous sodium sulfate was added in it and a solution of substituted aniline (0.05 M) in 12 ml of water with 1.7 ml (0.052M) of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to dissolve the amine, and finally, a solution of 4.5gm (0.158M) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 20 ml of water.for preparation of  substituted isatin from substituted isonitroso acetanilide 32.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was warmed upto 50°C in a 100 ml round bottom flask with continuous stirring, and 7.5 gram of (0.046 M) of dry substituted isonitroso acetanilide was added to such a rate that to keep the temperature 60-70 but not higher. All synthesized final products were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity [ 13-19, 20-22] against four bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Staphylococcus pyogenus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and two fungal strains, namely Candida albicans (MTCC 227) and Aspergilla niger (MTCC 282). in-vitro antimicrobial activity with the zone Inhibition in mm 24±2 and activity index 0.89, against Staphylococcus aureus, 22±2 and 0.85 against Staphylococcus pyogenes, 26±2 and 0.96 against Pseudomonas aeruginos, 25±3 and 0.86 against Escherichia coli and two fungal strains shown 26±4 and 0.81 against Candida albicans and 14±2 & 0.88 against Aspergilla niger respectively. Keywords: Indole, Isatin, Antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus

Synthesis, Characterization and Anthelmentic Activity of Indole Derivatives

Indole is a planar molecule with a conjugated system of 10 p electrons. It exists in resonance form with resonance energy of 47-49 K cal/mole. It is a very weak base with Pka value 3.63. In structure a, b, and d the benzenoid 6-p system is preserved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were established on the basis of physical, chemical, analytical data. The purification of the compounds was carried by purification methods like recrystallization. Physical constant like melting point, boiling point etc, of the new compounds were determined. All the intermediates and final synthesized products were inspected visually for physical appearance. It was physically characterized on the basis of organoleptic properties like color, odor and taste. This determination was obtained using a digital capillary melting point apparatus (Cambell Electronics, Bombay, India) by capillary fusion method. All the synthesized materials were further identified and confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC). UV/Visible spectra enables us o study the absorption pattern of the molecule and determination of lmax which is useful for the quantitative estimation of the compound. The IR spectrum of all the synthesized materials was recorded, which showed stretching and bending vibration levels of molecules in potassium bromide pellet by FTIR Spectrophotometer. The synthesized compounds were screened for Anthelmintic activity by using Mathew et al method and Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima Posthuma). All substituted quinoxaline compounds have been screened for their anthelmentic activity. From the screening results it was observed that the presence of electron withdrawing group made the substituted quinoxaline compounds to exhibit moderate to significant anthelmentic activity in comparison to standard drug albendazole. Compound QX1 and QX5 exhibited promising anthelmentic activity. However other two compounds (QX2 & QX4) of the series also exhibited moderate to weak activity against the Pheritma phosthuma. Keywords: Pheritma phosthuma, Indole, Anthelmentic activity

Operational Behaviour of a Complex System Under Priority Repair Echelons

A mathematical model is set up to evaluate the reliability of a complex system comprising two subsystems (with stand by redundancy in one subsystem). The failure and repair of units for both the subsystems follow exponential and general time distributions respectively. The switching over device for standby subsystem is not perfect and its repair is opportunistic. The repair for both subsystems is carried out under priority. The concept of waiting time for the repair of failed units in staidly subsystem has also been introduced. Supplementary variable and Laplace Transform techniques have been applied to obtain the transient state probabilities for such a system. From these pointwise availability has been evaluated. In the end, a particular case when repair follows exponential time distribution has been derived and asymptotic behaviour of such a system has also been examined

Lyra's cosmology of homogeneous and isotropic universe in Brans-Dicke theory

In this paper, we investigate a scalar field Brans-Dicke cosmological model in Lyra's geometry which is based on the modifications in geometrical term as well as energy term of Einstein's field equations. We have examined the validity of proposed cosmological model on observational scale by performing statistical analysis from latest $H(z)$ and SN Ia observational data. We find that the estimated values of Hubble's constant and matter energy density parameter are in agreement with their corresponding values, obtained from recent observations of WMAP and Plank collaboration. We also derived deceleration parameter, age of the universe and jerk parameter in terms of red-shift and computed its present values. The dynamics of deceleration parameter in derived model of the universe shows a signature flipping from positive to negative value and also indicates that the present universe is in accelerating phase.Comment: 9 pages, 6 Figures, Accepted for Publication in Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phy