THE USE OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES BY ROMANIANS, IN LIGHT OF THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET

The provision of online public services and citizens’ participation at their use contribute to the consolidation and development of an efficient digital economy. The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) shows the digital gaps between Romania and the other EU member states, the last place ranks by our country in this hierarchy indicating the existence of fundamental problems. Thus, Romania's participation in the creation and development of the Digital Single Market is at the same time an opportunity, but also immense challenges determined on the one hand by the recovery of the gaps and on the other hand by the complexity of the digitization process. The main objective of this study is to analyze the current situation of one of the five dimensions of DESI in Romania, namely digital public services, in terms the interaction with citizens. Various sources of data were used for this research, such as: EU reports about e-government, IT portals, research papers and other official reports

TAXATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTS AND ELECTRICITY TO THE EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL

U.E established to increase socio-economic stability and security of supply, the Energy Community has set a good example of regional cooperation in which the EU and the South-Eastern European countries can diversify their energy sources. It has created a functioning institutional framework and more legal certainty for investors. Next steps are to enhance market reforms and to boost investments in the energy sector. The final objective is that the regional market should be fully integrated in the European's internal energy marke

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH WEST OLTENIA REGION IN 2004 -2011

To emphasize the qualitative aspects which measures the sensitivity of level economic development in the early years of the current economic crisis and the effects of government policies on economic development and employment we was used as an indicator of the unemployment rate. The level of economic development in the macroregion 4, which includes and South West Oltenia Region, is quite sensitive to economic developments from the global and macro level. Through a comparative analysis of the evolution of unemployment rate at the level of macroregion 4 and the level of regions that compose it can be seen that the level of its in the South West Oltenia Region (Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinţi, Olt and Vâlcea) is almost double that level recorded in the West Region (Arad, Caras-Severin, Hunedoara, Timis)

THE IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS TO EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN ROMANIAN MACROREGION

The convergence of the employment rates and the achievement, until 2020, levels of 70%as well as reducing unemployment rates in Member States and in the macro regions and of development regions, are important objectives of the European Union. In Romania, although in the period 2002 - 2012, both the employment rate and the unemployment rate have evaluated with much smaller amplitude than in other EU member states at the level of macro regions and of development regions, they differ significantly. The paper examines trends of the employment rates and unemployment rates on the four macro regions and eight development regions in Romania during the period preceding and after the onset of the economic crisis it. It is highlights convergent and divergent processes that occurred in the analyzed perio

Turismo rural en Rumanía y adopción de las mejores prácticas de otros estados

Tourism is one of the important pillars of many national economies. Practicing the tourism has a multiplier effect on several industries, being interdependent with the food industry, communications, transport industry etc.Worldwide, all rural areas face the same problems: economic decline, environmental degradation, poverty of population or gradual loss of national identity. Its population is aged, young people preferring to migrate to cities. In this context, the villages are struggling to maintain its viability.Tourism is one of the sectors that can contribute to resuscitate villages. Practicing rural tourism was developed in response to human needs, subjected to daily increasing stress, to recreate the economic needs of these areas and the concern to preserve the environment and tradition.This paper aims to analyze the trends and changes rural tourism in Romania, namely how tourism activity has evolved, but the direction he is going, too. For this, we will use the existing data and studies.Studying this theme is justified by the actuality of the topic, given that attempts to maximize the benefits from tourism in a way that nature and heritage anthropogenic authentic to not suffer, but also the need to develop the localities and rural areas where only tourism and agriculture are productive domains. Rural tourism is a viable alternative in a society preoccupied with sustainable development which is moving increasingly towards forms of ecotourism. In addition to protecting nature, heritage conservation and preservation of tradition and stimulating the authenticity of the village, rural tourism brings the socio-economic benefits for the local population.Rural tourism can meet tourist needs without harming the environment. It appears as a suitable alternative for the daily man increasingly stressed and pressured economic and social. Rural tourism is a "strategy" viable recovery of the villages, from several points of view: attracting earnings in areas where it is practiced; generating employment; contributing to the development of rural areas; supporting the rejuvenating of villages population; preserving and protecting the natural environment; keeping alive tradition; meeting the needs of tourists.Tourism in general and in rural areas, in particular, is a springboard for other industries in that area, but also for society. Practicing this activity in rural areas can lead to economic development, but also to raising living standards and quality of life. Facing the challenges of globalization and with uncertain economic conditions, rural tourism can be a "lifeline", under proper capitalization and promotion of effective heritageAfter identification the best practices in rural tourism that held in other countries, we propose for adopting those practices which are fit for rural tourism in Romania.Development of rural tourism in recent years is not accidental. The village and the tradition create a competitive tourism product, bidder. Rural tourism is based on everything that is specific national identity, but also everything that involves cultural and human environment.Romania resourced rural tourism that involves a variety of activities. Given that they would be exploited properly, Romanian tourism could attract large numbers of visitors, tourists from all socio-economic and professional categories, and satisfying their preferences accordingly.El turismo es uno de los pilares fundamentales de muchas economías nacionales. La práctica del turismo tiene un efecto multiplicador en varias industrias, siendo interdependiente de la industria alimentaria, las comunicaciones, la industria del transporte, etc.En todo el mundo, todas las áreas rurales se enfrentan a los mismos problemas: declive económico, degradación ambiental, pobreza de la población o pérdida gradual de la identidad nacional. Su población está envejecida, los jóvenes prefieren emigrar a las ciudades. En este contexto, las aldeas están luchando para mantener su viabilidad. El turismo es uno de los sectores que puede contribuir a resucitar las aldeas. La práctica del turismo rural se desarrolló en respuesta a las necesidades humanas, sometida a un estrés diario creciente, para recrear las necesidades económicas de estas áreas y la preocupación por preservar el medio ambiente y la tradición.Este documento tiene como objetivo analizar las tendencias y los cambios del turismo rural en Rumania, es decir, cómo ha evolucionado la actividad turística, pero también la dirección en la que se dirige. Para ello, utilizaremos los datos y estudios existentes.El estudio de este tema se justifica por la actualidad del tema, dado que se intenta maximizar los beneficios del turismo de manera que la naturaleza y el patrimonio antropogénico sean auténticos para que no sean dañados, pero también la necesidad de desarrollar las localidades y áreas rurales donde solo el turismo y la agricultura son dominios productivos. El turismo rural es una alternativa viable en una sociedad preocupada por el desarrollo sostenible que se está moviendo cada vez más hacia formas de ecoturismo. Además de proteger la naturaleza, la conservación del patrimonio y la preservación de la tradición y estimular la autenticidad del pueblo, el turismo rural aporta los beneficios socioeconómicos para la población local.El turismo rural puede satisfacer las necesidades turísticas sin dañar el medio ambiente. Aparece como una alternativa adecuada para el hombre cotidiano cada vez más estresado y presionado económico y socialmente. El turismo rural es una "estrategia" de recuperación viable de las aldeas, desde varios puntos de vista: atraer ganancias en las áreas donde se practica; generando empleo; contribuir al desarrollo de las zonas rurales; apoyar el rejuvenecimiento de la población de las aldeas; preservar y proteger el medio ambiente natural; manteniendo viva la tradición; satisfacer las necesidades de los turistas.El turismo en general y en las áreas rurales, en particular, son un trampolín para otras industrias de la zona, pero también para la sociedad. La práctica de esta actividad en áreas rurales puede llevar al desarrollo económico, pero también a elevar los niveles de vida y la calidad de vida. Enfrentando los desafíos de la globalización y con condiciones económicas inciertas, el turismo rural puede ser un "salvavidas", bajo una adecuada capitalización y promoción de un patrimonio efectivo. Después de identificar las mejores prácticas en turismo rural que se realizan en otros países, proponemos adoptar las prácticas adecuadas para el turismo rural en Rumanía.El desarrollo del turismo rural en los últimos años no es casual. El pueblo y la tradición crean un producto turístico competitivo. El turismo rural se basa en todo lo que es una identidad nacional específica, pero también todo lo que implica el entorno cultural y humano.Rumanía proporcionó turismo rural que involucra una variedad de actividades. Dado que serían explotados adecuadamente, el turismo rumano podría atraer a un gran número de visitantes, turistas de todas las categorías socioeconómicas y profesionales, y satisfacer sus preferencias en consecuencia

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF INCOME AND CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THE 1990 - 2010 PERIOD

Income population are a factor of consumption, as these are the main source of economic goods procurement. The volume and dynamics underlying the consumption income. The impact of income on consumption has two components, the first to take the overall level of income, and the second concerning the purchasing power of population dynamics. In Romania in the analysis period, decreasing purchasing power of disposable income, inflation rates and rising rates of some commodities and services have led households to reduce consumption to the bare minimum and try to keep as much as possible previous levels consumption at the expense of savings

ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTION EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN ROMANIA IN THE PERIOD 1992 - 2011

The services, as a field of research, presents a constantly increasing complexity, especially in theeconomic plan, synthesizing the results of a large number of activities. Educational services, part of the tertiarysector, are activities provided for the benefit of consumer of education, with or without their direct participation,in order to fulfill specific needs and to produce intellectual gratification. In an educational institution can foundeducational services such as courses, seminars, conferences, presentations, performances, cultural activities inlibraries, extracurricular activities in and out of the classroom. This paper aims to address the wide concern ofeducational services in Romania in the period 1992-2011, providing a comprehensive, coherent picture,structurally logical elements that give its specificity. For this purpose we use the specialized literature in thefield and statistical data provided by the National Institute of Statistics of Romania concerning to the indicatorson school population, number of schools, employment, investment in education, etc.

EXPOSURE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HEAVY METALS WITH TOXIC POTENTIAL DISPERSED FROM THE COAL MATRIX INTO THE SOIL

The paper assesses the risk potential determined by the level of exposure to traces of heavy metals with toxic potential (Pb, Ni, Cd) from the soil, vegetation and grains adjacent to the area of exploitation and thermal energy processing of lignite. Average concentrations determined (mg.Kg -1 ): exceed normal values for soil for Pb (43.71) and Ni (64.14), do not show phytotoxic values for spontaneous vegetation and exceed the reference level for Pb and Cd in cereals according to current norms at European and World level. Taking into account exposure routes, exposure assessment parameters and average concentrations in soil and plants, have been estimated the individual risk for Ni, Cd and Pb. These individual risk index values in relation to the limit value WHO (10-6 ) demonstrated moderate potential impact on food safety and quality of life in this area

AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE IN ROMANIA

Social protection is an area, and an important direction, in the policy of any government regardless of its political orientation. Taking into account the regulations of the European Parliament and the Council on ESSPROS, the paper analyzes the evolution of Social protection expenditures in Romania after 2000, both as a whole and on social protection functions. The analyzed period was characterized by an upward trend in social protection expenditure per capita as well as a change in the share of expenditure on function on social protection

A Critical Approach on Using Total Water Footprint of Agricultural Products as a Potential Sustainable Development Indicator

Measuring sustainable development represents a fundamental issue which requires a complex approach in identifying relevant indicators to capture the global transformations of the contemporary economic paradigm, within the context of increasing globalization and of the integration of markets and economies. The recent evolutions of the environmenta lanalysis enforced total water footprint as a highly popular and core environmental performance indicator.The paper presents a critical approach on using total water footprint of agricultural products as a potential sustainable development indicator from the EU perspective, by applying a specific research method on clustering and concentration. The results prove that total water footprint of the agricultural products is highly country-specific dependent. The uneven distribution shown by grouping of countries and types of agricultural products consumption confirm this argument