Rural Alaska Corrections Plan (A Summary)

Efforts to improve correctional services in the rural, predominantly Native communities of Alaska have been going on since before statehood. Complete implementation of plans developed by the Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency during the 1970s have been hampered by a number of factors: (1) the scope of the planning has tended to be confined to correctional facilities; (2) the problems faced by corrections in Alaska are complicated by diversity of communities served; (3) financial requirements have exceeded available resources; (4) the authority and responsibility for achieving the plans' objectives were unclear. This document offers proposals for a rural corrections plan which offers a comprehensive, systemic — rather than purely correctional — approach for improving public safety and corrections in rural Alaska. It describes the existing situation, philosophy, coordination and planning, organizational proposals, financing, and implementation.Alaska Corrections Master Plan CommitteeTentative Recommendations / Introduction / Background / Philosophy / Coordination / Organization: Statewide Operations; Local Community Operations / Financing / Implementation / Ma

Policing the Arctic: The North Slope of Alaska

An abbreviated version of this paper, which excluded the NSBDPS employee survey results, was published as: Trostle, Lawrence C.; & Angell, John E. (1994). "Policing the Arctic: The North Slope of Alaska." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 10(2): 95–108 (May 1994). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398629401000203). A related report with employee comments from the survey concerning Public Safety Officer (PSO) assignment lengths and rotation policies is available at https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/10007.Geographic size and lack of roads, among other factors, contribute to unique difficulties in providing effective law enforcement and public safety services to residents of the North Slope Borough of Alaska. Despite comprehensive plans laid in the mid-1970s, the North Slope Borough has not been successful in implementing a broad, multicultural community public safety organizational design. The more traditional professional law enforcement agency which has evolved is perceived by some people as having community and employee relations problems. This paper provides a brief history of law enforcement on the North Slope and presents selected data from a 1993 survey of employees of the North Slope Borough Department of Public Safety (NSBDPS). The data support a hypothesis that indigenous personnel with strong roots in a minority community will be more committed to the community police organization than would be employees without such roots.North Slope Borough Department of Public SafetyIntroduction / Traditional Justice Administration / Government / Department of Public Safety / North Slope Department of Public Safety Goals / Research Support for a Multicultural Community Social Control Operation / Conclusion / Reference

Justice

This issue paper, prepared for the Future Frontiers Conference held December 5-8, 1979 in Anchorage to provide guidance to the legislature regarding allocation of North Slope oil revenues, discusses the quality of justice services provided in Alaska and the relative equity in which they are delivered throughout the state and suggests improvements.Introduction / Existing Situation / Improvement Efforts / Directions / Footnotes / Biographica

Alaska Village Police Training: An Assessment and Recommendations

The nature and effectiveness of such traditional social control methods in Alaska Native cultures is difficult to evaluate because of their displacement by methods introduced by fur traders, the Revenue Cutter Service, and U.S. Marshals. Territorial and state police continued the practice of establishing in Native communities the justice models with which they were familiar. The Alaska State Police began to organize formal training programs for Alaska Native people who would serve as police officers in Fairbanks (1964) and Juneau (1965), with more extensive police training programs financed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Nome in 1966 and the U.S. Department of Labor in 1968 (conducted by the Alaska State Troopers). Beginning in 1971, the Alaska Department of Public Safety received action grants from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) for the initiation of a broadly conceived program for developing crminal justice services in Alaska Native villages statewide — the Alaska Village Police Training program. A total of approximately $542,000 of LEAA was ultimately invested in continuing the program over a period of seven years (1971–1978). The present study evaluates the Alaska Village Police Training program over the seven-year period on program purpose and goals, program achievements and impacts, and program costs. A final section contains recommendations for future programs to improve training for Alaska police in rural villages. Of 292 people trained since the program's inception, only 70 were still serving in their villages as of late 1978.Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency. Grant No. 76-A-044I. Introduction / II. Project Purposes / III. Program Achievements and Impact / IV. Program Costs / V. Conclusions and Recommendations / APPENDICES / A. Village Police Officers Training Program / B. Bureau of Indian Affairs Village Police Training / C. New Careers Village Police Training / D. Illustrations of Village Policing Situations / E. Village Police Trainees / F. Village Police Training Logs and Report

An Exploratory Study of Changes Accompanying the Implementation of a Community-Based, Participatory Team Police Organizational Model

This exploratory research examines the attitudes of citizens, police clientele, and police in an area where a decentralized, participatory (collegial) team police operation has been implemented, and compares these attitudes with those in a similar neighborhood policed by a classical organizational structure and traditional procedures. The Team Police Model of this study consisted basically of 15 generalist police officers who, with the participation of local citizens, were responsible for defining police goals, priorities and procedures and providing all police services in a precisely defined, low-economic, minority, residential area of Holyoke, Massachusetts for a test period of approximately nine months. The Team used collegial methods for decisionmaking and task forces for performing management functions. The Team followed a "service", rather than "law enforcement" operational philosophy. The control neighborhood was policed by an organization arrangement which was in general consistent with Classical tenets as stated by Max Weber. A traditional "law enforcement" philosophy was used in the Classical neighborhood. The basic assumption underlying this study was police effectiveness in crime prevention and order maintenance is dependent on a supportive public. The primary problem researched was whether public and clientele attitudes toward the police were more supportive in the Team Police than a Classical Police area. Of secondary concern was the impact of the Team Police experiment on police officers attitudes. Perhaps the most important conclusion to be derived from this study is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the collegial Team Police Model as implemented in this project did not have a negative impact on any variable investigated. The positive impact of the project on most variables supports the value of further research with a community-based, collegial team organizational structure for police services.I. Introduction / II. Review of Literature / III. Design of Study / IV. Implementation and Results / V. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations / Bibliography / Appendix. Policy and Procedure Manual, Model Cities Police Team Project (1970), Holyoke, Massachusett

A Study of the North Slope Department of Public Safety: A Technical Assistance Report (Draft)

The North Slope Borough Department of Public Safety (NSBDPS) was created effective July 1, 1976, with the City of Barrow and other villages in North Slope Borough transferring their police authority and jail services to the borough. While making progress toward improving public safety in the North Slope Borough over the succeeding year, NSBDPS in September 1977 sought technical assistance from the Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency (CJPA) in the areas of organization and management. This report, prepared under contract with CJPA, presents a background history, findings, and recommendations on goals and objective, organizational structure, and the personnel and career system for NSBDPS.Funded by Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency (CJPA)I. INTRODUCTION / II. SETTING AND BACKGROUND: Government; Department of Public Safety; Department of Public Safety Goals; DP Implementation; Conclusion / III. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Goals and Objectives; Organizational Structure; Personnel and Career System; Miscellaneous / CONCLUSIO

Alaskan Village Justice: An Exploratory Study

Initiated by the Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency, this is the first comprehensive study of public safety and the administration of justice in the predominately Alaska Native villages of rural or "bush" Alaska. Researchers visited 56 communities within seven of the twelve Alaska Native corporation regions in the state as part of an exploratory effort to collect crime and justice information for use by the State of Alaska in criminal justice policy development in rural areas of the state. Information was gathered in three ways: (1) review of available documents related to each of the communities; (2) direct observations of the communities and justice operations within them; and (3) structured interviews with community residents to elict both object and subjective information about operation of public safety and social control systems. The 175 interviewees included community officials, village police officers, health aides, and magistrates. The report addresses customs, law, and crime in village Alaska; context on justice services in Native communities; police services; legal and judicial services; prisoner detention and corrections; and recommendations for improving the delivery of justice services to rural communities. The study concluded that bush residents do not receive equal protection regarding public safety and justice services in comparison with their counterparts in larger Alaska communities; that the State of Alaska does not have have adequate data needed to identify and address public safety and justice problems in bush areas; and that bush villages and rural Natives are not homogeneous entities and hence require varied and particularized responses by the state.Alaska Criminal Justice Planning Agency Grant No. 76-A-044I. Introduction / II. Community Profile / III. Custom, Law and Crime / IV. Justice Services to Native Communities in Perspective / V. Police Services / VI. Legal and Judicial Services / VII. Prisoner Detenton and Corrections / VIII. Observations and Possible Actions / Appendice

Defining “war crimes against humanity” in the Soviet Union

AbstractThe mass arson of villages on occupied Soviet territory and the terrible plight of their inhabitants – who were executed, burnt alive or deported – has left a lasting impression on the minds of East Europeans, whereas the genocide of Jews in these same regions has been disregarded for decades. The contrast between the remembrance of Soviet Jewish and non-Jewish victims became particularly striking in the 1960s when the new Khatyn memorial monument near Minsk devoted to the memory of Bielorussian torched villages became a real pilgrimage site for most of the Soviet population, while the Babi Yar ravine near Kiev, which had seen the greatest massacre of Soviet Jews, was selected amid stormy controversy for the tardy construction of a monument broadly commemorating victims of Nazi massacres in Kiev. This article aims to show how the theme of burnt down villages pervaded official discourse from very early on in the war and competed with the narrative of the mass killing of Soviet Jews, even though the end of the war and the Soviets’ judicial cooperation with their Western allies in the prosecution of war criminals prompted, both at home and abroad and over the course of several months, a more explicit discourse about the specific plight of Soviet Jews. The accounts of Nazi atrocities, published during the first weeks following the invasion, develop at length the theme of war violence committed against civilians, a theme both ancestral and unheard of by its magnitude. That was before the occupant moved on to the massive “dead zone” policy reported by Soviet commissions of enquiry through survivors’ accounts and lists with the names of victims. The trials that immediately followed the war, in Nuremberg as well as the Soviet Union, gave the Stalinist leadership the opportunity to apply the new judicial concept of crime against humanity to the various categories of Soviet victims of the occupation.RésuméLa destruction par le feu de milliers de villages en territoire soviétique occupé, ainsi que le sort atroce de leurs habitants, exécutés, voire brûlés vifs, ou déportés a durablement marqué les consciences à l’Est, alors que le génocide des juifs dans ces mêmes régions reste dans l’ombre depuis des décennies. Ce contraste entre la mémoire des victimes juives et non-juives en Union soviétique apparaît particulièrement frappant à partir des années 1960, lorsque le nouveau mémorial de Khatyn près de Minsk, consacré à la mémoire des villages brûlés biélorusses, devient un véritable lieu de pèlerinage pour l’ensemble des Soviétiques, tandis que le site du plus grand massacre de juifs soviétiques, le ravin de Babi Yar à Kiev, malgré de houleuses controverses, voit la construction, tardive, d’un mémorial qui universalise les victimes des massacres. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment, dès le début de la guerre, le thème des villages brûlés est omniprésent dans le récit officiel et entre en compétition avec le compte rendu du massacre généralisé des juifs soviétiques, alors même que la fin de la guerre et la coopération judiciaire des Soviétiques avec leurs alliés occidentaux pour juger les criminels de guerre donnent lieu, pendant plusieurs mois, à un discours beaucoup plus explicite, sur la scène internationale comme en territoire soviétique, concernant le sort spécifique des juifs soviétiques. Les récits d’atrocités nazies, publiés dès les premières semaines après l’invasion, développent abondamment ce motif, à la fois ancestral et inédit par son ampleur, de violence de guerre commise contre les civils, avant même que l’occupant ne passe effectivement à une politique massive de création de « zones mortes », ce dont les commissions d’enquête soviétiques rendent compte à travers les témoignages de rescapés et les listes nominatives de victimes. Les procès de l’immédiat après-guerre, à Nuremberg comme en Union soviétique, sont l’occasion pour la direction stalinienne d’appliquer le nouveau concept judiciaire de crime contre l’humanité aux différentes catégories de victimes soviétiques de l’occupation

The Family Monitor or A Help to Domestic Happiness (Part 1)

The Family Monitor, or A Help to Domestic Happiness, by John Angell James is a a guide to family life with seven chapters, three of which have to do with the duties of husbands and wives to each other, and the other four concern parents, children, masters and servants. Part 1 includes chapters 1 through 6. This includes the domestic constitution, the mutual duties of husbands and wives, the special duties of husbands and wives, some remarks on the formation of the marriage union, the duties of parents, and the duties of children to their parents. Part 1 goes from the first page to page 107.https://openworks.wooster.edu/motherhomeheaven/1144/thumbnail.jp

The Family Monitor or A Help to Domestic Happiness (Part 2)

The Family Monitor, or A Help to Domestic Happiness, by John Angell James is a a guide to family life with seven chapters, three of which have to do with the duties of husbands and wives to each other, and the other four concern parents, children, masters and servants. Part 2 has chapters 6 to chapter 9. This includes the duties of children and to their parents, on the fraternal duties, the duties of masters and the duties of servants. Part two goes from page 108 to the end of the book.https://openworks.wooster.edu/motherhomeheaven/1145/thumbnail.jp