The effect of different agrotechnical levels on weed infestation in crops of naked and husked varieties of oat (Avena sativa L.)

The present study was carried out in the period 2007- 2009 in the Experimental Farm in Bezek near the city of Chełm. The aim of the investigation was to compare weed infestation of the husked (Krezus) and naked (Cacko) oat cultivars cultivated under conditions of different weed control treatments. The following weed control levels were compared: A - control object; B - harrowing twice; C - application of the herbicide Mustang 306 SE; D - herbicide Mustang 306 SE + foliar fertilizer Insol 3; E - herbicide Mustang 306 SE + two foliar fertilizers: Insol 3 and FoliCare 18:18:18. The husked oat cv. Krezus was more competitive against weeds. Number of dicotyledonous weeds and of monocotyledonous weeds, total weeds, and air-dry weight of above-ground parts of weeds in the crop of this cultivar were all significantly lower compared to the naked cv. Cacko. From the group of dicotyledonous species, Chenopodium album, Galinsoga parviflora, Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora, Polygonum aviculare, and Stellaria media were the dominant species in the crops of the oat varieties under investigation, whereas among the monocotyledonous species Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria pumila, Apera spica-venti, and Elymus repens occurred in greatest numbers. The application of the herbicide Mustang 306 SE decreased the number of dicotyledonous weeds and air-dry weight of weeds, compared to the treatment in which mechanical weed control had been used

Wpływ sposobu zakładania plantacji i terminu zbioru liści na wybrane cechy morfologiczne lubczyku ogrodowego (Levisticum officinale Koch.) i zawartość olejku eterycznego w korzeniach

The field studies were carried out in 2002–2004 on brown soil of loess origin. In the experiment the following methods of plantation establishment were compared: direct sowing in the field (control); direct sowing in the field with cover of polypropylene sheet; by seedlings from plastic house; by seedlings produced in multicell propagation trays. There were two dates of leaf cutting: in August and before root harvest (October). Plants cultivated from seedlings were significantly higher and formed greater number of leaves as well as greater weight of above and under ground parts than in the cultivation from direct seeding, but the best results were obtained in the object with seedlings produced in multicell propagation trays. The use of polypropylene sheet positively affected the above ground parts of lovage, however caused significant decrease in root mass. Leaf cutting in the summer was connected with decrease in fresh root weight (by 40% in relation to plants with no leaf harvest) and essential oil content (from 0.85 to 0.52%). More active substances in lovage roots were accumulated in the plants obtained from direct seeding than from transplants.Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w latach 2002–2004 na glebie brunatnej pochodzenia lessowego. Porównywano następujące metody zakładania plantacji: wysiew nasion w pole (kontrola); wysiew nasion w pole z przykryciem agrowłókniną; wysadzanie rozsady uzyskanej w tunelu foliowym; wysadzanie rozsady wyprodukowanej w tacach wielokomórkowych w tunelu foliowym. W doświadczeniu zastosowano dwa terminy zbioru liści: w sierpniu oraz na początku października (bezpośrednio przed wykopaniem korzeni). Rośliny uprawiane z rozsady były istotnie wyższe, tworzyły więcej liści w rozecie oraz większą świeżą masę części nadziemnych i korzeni w porównaniu z roślinami uzyskanymi z siewu nasion w pole, jednakże najlepsze efekty dało wysadzanie rozsady wyprodukowanej w tacach wielokomórkowych. Zastosowanie agrowłókniny dodatnio wpłynęło na rozwój części nadziemnych, jednak przyczyniło się do istotnego zmniejszenia masy korzeni. Ścinanie liści lubczyku w sierpniu wiązało się ze zmniejszeniem masy korzeni (śr. o 40%) i zawartości olejku eterycznego w surowcu (śr. z 0,85% do 0,52%) w odniesieniu do roślin, których część nadziemną pozostawiono do jesieni. Więcej olejku gromadziły rośliny uzyskane z wysiewu nasion wprost do gruntu niż z rozsady

Wplyw sposobu zakladania plantacji na plon kwiatow prawoslazu lekarskiego [Althaea officinalis L.]

The field experiment with one- and two-year-old marshmallow plants was carried out in Zamość on brown soil of loess origin in 2002-2004. There were four methods of plantation establishment: 1) direct sowing in the field (control object); 2) direct sowing in the field with cover of polypropylene sheet; 3) by seedlings from a plastic house; 4) by seedlings produced in multi-cell propagation trays. It was found that, in the case of one-year-old plants, all the methods of plantation establishment signifi cantly increased the yield and the number of marshmallow flowers, as compared to the control object, but the best results were obtained when the plants were propagated from seedlings produced in multi-cell trays. Taking into account the two-yearold plants, no signifi cant impact of the plantation establishment method on flower yield was found. On average, total yields of flowers varied from 17.2 dt x ha-1 in the first year of vegetation to 27.8 dt x ha-1 in the case of the two-year-old plants.Doświadczenie polowe z jednorocznymi i dwuletnimi roślinami prawoślazu lekarskiego (Althaea ofi cinalis L.) przeprowadzono w latach 2002-2004 w Zamościu na glebie brunatnej pochodzenia lessowego. Porównywano następujące sposoby zakładania plantacji: 1) wysiew nasion wprost do gruntu (kontrola); 2) wysiew nasion wprost do gruntu z przykryciem agrowłókniną; 3) wysadzanie rozsady uzyskanej w tunelu foliowym; 4) wysadzanie rozsady wyprodukowanej w tacach wielokomórkowych w tunelu foliowym. Wykazano, że w przypadku roślin jednorocznych, wszystkie sposoby zakładania plantacji (w porównaniu z obiektem kontrolnym) istotnie zwiększyły plony i liczbę kwiatów prawoślazu lekarskiego, przy czym najlepsze rezultaty uzyskano wysadzając rozsadę wyprodukowaną w tacach wielokomórkowych. Analizując plony kwiatów zebranych z roślin dwuletnich nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu sposobu zakładania plantacji na badane cechy. Plony powietrznie suchej masy kwiatów roślin jednorocznych były niższe (średnio wynosiły 17,2 dt x ha-1) niż dwuletnich (średni plon z wszystkich obiektów 27,8 dt x ha-1)

The Effect of Subsurface Placement of Mineral Fertilizer on Some Soil Properties under Reduced Tillage Soybean Cultivation

One of the adverse effects of no-tillage is the accumulation of nutrients (in particular P and K) in the top soil layer. The subsurface application of mineral fertilizers at a depth of 10–30 cm can reduce this phenomenon and at the same time provide a relatively uniform access to soil nutrients for plant roots. Such a method of mineral fertilizer application can additionally decrease the environmental risk associated with water eutrophication because the water runoff from fields, where the soil P content is high, is reduced. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the subsurface application of different rates of a compound mineral fertilizer on the content of some macronutrients, soil organic carbon content (SOC), and soil pH in a field after the harvest of soybean grown under reduced tillage conditions. The field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2014/2015–2016/2017 in the village of Rogów, Zamość County, Poland. It was set up as a split-plot design in four replicates. The first experimental factor included two methods of mineral fertilization application: fertilizer broadcast over the soil surface (S); fertilizer applied deep (subsurface placed) using a specially designed cultivator (Sub-S). The other factor was the rates of the mineral fertilizer (NPKS): 85 kg∙ha−1 (F85) and 170 kg∙ha−1 (F170). Over the successive years of the study, the SOC content was found to increase. However, neither the fertilization rate nor the method of fertilizer application caused any significant difference in organic carbon. Under subsurface fertilizer application conditions, a higher soil pH was found in treatment F85, however, when the fertilizer was surface-applied, the soil in treatment F170 had a higher pH value. During the three-year study period, the P and K content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was higher than in the 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm layers. In turn, the highest Mg content was determined in the 30–60 cm layer. In the case of both mineral fertilizer application methods, a higher P content was determined in the soil fertilized at a rate of 170 kg NPKS, compared with a rate of 85 kg∙ha−1. The surface application of the higher rate of mineral fertilization resulted in an increase in the soil K content. On the other hand, when the mineral fertilizer was subsurface-applied, a higher soil K was determined in the treatments with lower mineral fertilization

Wpływ chemicznej ochrony łanu na zawartość wybranych pierwiastków w ziarnie pszenicy orkisz (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chemical crop protection on the content of N, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in grain of 8 spelt wheat cultivars (Franckenkorn, Badengold, Schwabenspelz, Oberkulmer Rotkorn, Ostro, Ceralio, Schwabenkorn, and Spelt I.N.Z.). Chemical protection involved application of a fungicide, two herbicides and a retardant. No plant protection agents were used in the control treatment. The above spelt cultivars were grown in a monoculture on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil. The study was carried out in 2009-2011, at the Bezek Experimental Farm, which belongs to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. Among the spelt wheat cultivars compared, grain of cv. Ostro was characterized by the highest content of nitrogen, phosphorus and manganese, whereas grain of cv. Franckenkorn contained the largest amounts of potassium and magnesium. The highest amount of zinc was found in grain of cv. Oberkulmer Rotkorn and that of copper – in grain of cv. Spelt I.N.Z., while grain of cv. Schwabenkorn was found to be the richest in iron. Irrespective of the cultivar, chemical plant protection significantly increased the copper content in spelt grain and simultaneously decreased the magnesium content. The content of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn in grain decreased in the successive years of the study