Gymnopus eneficola-species nova from Newfoundland

In the course of a survey of dried collections of Gymnopus collected over some years in Newfoundland by AV and Foray Newfoundland & Labrador, a taxon was discovered which did not conform to other known eastern North American or European taxa of the genus. Occasional reports of taxa now placed in Gymnopus (formerly included in an expansive concept of Collybia) include those concerning Nova Scotia, summarized by Gourley, and Michigan, none of which, nor those of the even older publication by Coker and Beardslee circumscribed the proposed species from Newfoundland. In addition to morphological distinctions, DNA analysis also indicated that nuclear ribosomal LSU and ITS sequences from the new taxon did not match those deposited in GenBank or sequences in the Gymnopus files at TENN. The new taxon is proposed, illustrated and described below

Studies in the use of an element diet: with special reference to the prevention of stress ulcers in the pig; and its clinical value in patients

Ch. I: Nutritional needs of ill patients have resulted in elemental diets consisting of amino acids, essential fats, simple sugars, minerals, and vitamins. Elemental diet therapy in certain conditions is established whereas the full scope of their usefulness has not yet been determined. Ch. II: Medical advances account for an increase in stress ulcer; its cause is unknown. Subnuclear swelling, cell membrane rupture, and lifting of the cell is the common response of the epithelial cell to microcirculatory changes, and may he explained by epithelial cell polarity. Ch. III A: The porcine stomach resembles that of man and lends itself well to the study of stress ulcer. Ch. III B: Prefeeding elemental diet protects pigs against stress ulcer formation. Pyloric ligation has no effect. Ch. IV: Elemental diet has been used in 20 patients to treat trauma, fistulae, enteritides, short gut, pancreatitis, burns, and bowel preparation

Lactarius splendens, a second species with white latex in Lactarius section Deliciosi

An uncommon, small, orange-capped Lactarius Pers. with white latex was confirmed, using molecular studies of the type specimens, to be Lactarius splendens Hesler & A.H. Sm. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the species falls within Lactarius section Deliciosi (Fr.) Redeuilh, Verbeken & Walleyn., very closely related to L. rubrilacteus Hesler & A.H. Sm. and L. porninsis Rolland. Hitherto L. porninsis was the only white-latex species known in the otherwise orange-latex section Deliciosi; both are associated with Larix Mill

Surprising morphological, ecological and ITS sequence diversity in the Arrhenia acerosa complex (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)

A molecular genetic study of the Arrhenia acerosa complex using the ITS fungal barcoding marker revealed unexpected diversity along a cascading group supporting over 20 lineages. Among these, we identified five previously described species: A. acerosa s.str., A. glauca, A. latispora, A. subglobisemen, and Rhodocybe tillii (recombined as A. tillii). We described four new species: A. fenicola from Canadian prairie grasslands, A. juncorum and A. leucotricha, both on live and dead herbaceous material in European wetlands, and A. svalbardensis from the high Arctic. All nine taxa treated here were fixed with sequenced types. In addition, we identified seven other lineages, some only represented by a single collection, requiring further study before description, and four groups of two species or more, also requiring further dissection before circumscription of their constituents. The diversity of the complex with respect to size, colour, habitat, range, distribution, and substrate preference is made more intriguing by the presence of several lineages of brown omphalinoid species, differing from the typically pleurotoid forms in this complex. We generated 97 of the 131 ITS sequences studied, adding 65 new sequences from the acerosa complex