Political and Legal Aspects of Formation of Regional Medicine Market of the Eurasian Economic Union

The purpose of this research is to identify the prospects for the development of regional medicine markets — the medicine markets of the Eurasian economic Union. For this research to conduct the study and draw conclusions the elements of system, comparative, historical and situational analyses were used. The analysis highlighted the following elements of the events of recent years related to: the establishment of sanctions against the Russian Federation and counter-sanctions, consistent implementation of the EAEU Treaty in terms of the formation of common markets, changes, related to the regulation of the global medicine market.The object of the research is the problems and solutions of the medicine markets functioning. The subject is the political and economic aspects in the formation of EAEU medicine market. The dependent variables are: political management of world health development, institutional decisions in the global medicine markets, political decisions of the Eurasian economic Commission Council, the regulatory framework for the formation of the EAEU medicine market. An independent variable is the role of the medicine market in trade agreements between international structures and the remote economy.The role of the UN and specialized organizations in the formation of the world health system and access to medicines is analyzed in this work. The role of the WTO in this process is shown. The main institutional decisions that influenced the development of global and regional medicine markets are identified. The influence of these decisions on the formation of the EAEU medicine market is considered. The process of market formation within the EAEU is analyzed. The complexity of the activities of the EAEU in the current international environment, the consequence of which is the desire of the States parties to resolve issues at the intergovernmental rather than supranational level, was noted

Trade Restrictions and Trade Sanctions through the Prism of Human Rights

The purpose of the article is to define lawfulness of the use of restrictions and trade sanctions from the perspective of human rights.Methods: To achieve the purpose were used as research methods general and special scientific methods. As for the general scientific research methods, the author used system analysis, synthesis and generalisation. The study applied the historical method for analysing the background of this issue, as well as case study for review of activities of the UN Human Rights Council.Conclusions: Of special importance is the fact that the term “sanctions” does not have any commonly agreed interpretation. Author demonstrates the importance of concretisation the definition. It is underlined that disputes cause the so-called “secondary” sanctions related with extraterritoriality. It is highlighted the contribution to prove their inadmissibility is currently particularly significant from the point of view of human rights norms.Results: The article examines contemporary interpretations on the issue and definitions of economic sanctions concepts as well. It is shown the essential role of contribution the UN Human Rights Council in the solution of the problem of negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights

Bishkek Protocol. How It Was: Memories and Comments

This year marks the twenty-five years since the signing of the Bishkek Protocol (1994), which played a significant role in resolving the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh and became a significant contribution of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States in peacekeeping activities during the post-soviet period. The article is dedicated to this event. The author in 1994 was an Assistant Deputy Secretary General of the IPA CIS Council — Representative of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in the IPA CIS, recalls the atmosphere of those days and the negotiations related to the preparation and signing of the document. The events connected with the preparation of signing certainly allow us to look at some aspects of the development of parliamentary diplomacy, which is important, both for the development of diplomacy and parliamentarism in general

Perspectives of Co-Operation between the Baltic Countries and the Eurasian Economic Union Member States in the Context of Eurasian Integration Process

The purpose of the article is to analyse the perspectives of co-operation between the Baltic countries and the Eurasian Economic Union member states. To conduct study and draw conclusions as a research method were applied situational analysis. During analysis were identified the following elements-events of recent years associated with the: imposing of economic sanctions against Russia, creating of Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative, NATO activities connected with the increasing major exercises conducted by Alliance on the borders of the EAEU member states, policies of the Baltic states. The object of the study is the relations between the EAEU member states and the Baltic countries.The subject of the study is the political and economic aspects of the EU, Eurasian integration and the Silk Road Economic Belt. Dependent variables used in the research: the official position of the EAEU, the official position of the EU, Silk Road Economic Belt, trade and economic interaction, the regime of economic sanctions, normalisation of ties between Russia and the EU, territorial aspect, infrastructure, bilateral legal framework. Independent variable used in the research: NATO. It is analysed the crucial role of intensifying relations between the Russian Federation and the European Union in creating favorable conditions for the restoring relations between the Baltic countries and the Eurasian Economic Union member states, as well as strenghten relations between European Union and Eurasian Economic Union. It is noted that the relations between the European Union and Russia are not interrupted, trade and economic co-operation continues, but at a lower level. It is analysed relations between Baltic states and EAEU member states, including economic interaction and the legal basis. It is highlited the importance of full restoration of economic and trade ties.One of the key issues of the article is that the integration processes in the Eurasian space have activated the process of implementation which is dynamically developing within EAEU. It is stressed that the formation of transport corridors in the territory of the EAEU member states is one of the key tasks within the conjunction of the EAEU and Silk Road Economic Belt. It is noted that to activate these projects, a legal framework of bilateral basis is needed — bewteen China and countriesparticipants of the EAEU. It is stressed that China is interested in co-operation with the EU within the Silk Road Economic Belt. It is shown that the strategic vector of the Baltic states, as well as the EU, the EAEU and the Belt and Road initiative, is economic. The intensification of relations and the strengthening of economic ties between the EU and the EAEU is possible after the lifting of mutual sanctions. It is noted military activity of NATO at the border zones of the Baltic countries with the Russia and Belarus as a negative factor affecting the relations

Water Problems of Central Asia: Solution Mechanisms at the Different Levels of Political Management

Definition of opportunities and mechanisms of political management of a water problem in Central Asia are considered and analyzed the research. Objective of the research — to define and reveal mechanisms of political management of different level in a solution of a water problem of the region. Object of the research — political management of a problem. Subject of the research — initiatives and mechanisms of implementation. Dependent variables are: the political and legal bilateral and multilateral relations concerning solution of water problem, specific mechanisms. Independent variables — global and regional initiatives, activity of “The Caspian Five”. The role of efficiency of solution of a water problem depending on priority opinion on a problem of elite of the states is analyzed. This analysis shows that attempts of a solution of a water problem in the region are carried out within universal programs of development of the Purposes of the millennium and Sustainable development goals, “A water initiative of the EU”. The mechanisms for a solution developed within “A water initiative of the EU (VIES) are of great importance: reforms in the field of water policy in countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (VEKTsA)” and activity of the SPEKA Program. At the same time, the most important tools are bilateral and multilateral initiatives of the countries of Central Asia which intensity and efficiency sharply increased at the new leaders of some countries of the region

Legal Consolidation of the Institute of International Non-Governmental Organizations in the Legislation of the Countries of the CIS

This article describes the process of formation of the Institute of international non-governmental organizations in the post-Soviet space. Problems of interpretation of provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the sphere of non-profit organizations are presented. The development of legislation in the field of voluntary Association of citizens guided by the protection of global values is analyzed. On the basis of the study, the authors propose measures aimed at transparency of organizations aimed at providing free assistance to categories of citizens in need of this support

The Regioselective Conjugation of the 15-nt Thrombin Aptamer with an Optimized Tripeptide Sequence Greatly Increases the Anticoagulant Activity of the Aptamer

Currently, oligonucleotide therapy has emerged as a new paradigm in the treatment of human diseases. In many cases, however, therapeutic oligonucleotides cannot be used directly without modification. Chemical modification or the conjugation of therapeutic oligonucleotides is required to increase their stability or specificity, improve their affinity or inhibitory characteristics, and address delivery issues. Recently, we proposed a conjugation strategy for a 15-nt G-quadruplex thrombin aptamer aimed at extending the recognition interface of the aptamer. In particular, we have prepared a series of designer peptide conjugates of the thrombin aptamer, showing improved anticoagulant activity. Herein, we report a new series of aptamer–peptide conjugates with optimized peptide sequences. The anti-thrombotic activity of aptamer conjugates was notably improved. The lead conjugate, TBA–GLE, was able to inhibit thrombin-induced coagulation approximately six-fold more efficiently than the unmodified aptamer. In terms of its anticoagulant activity, the TBA–GLE conjugate approaches NU172, one of the most potent G-quadruplex thrombin aptamers. Molecular dynamics studies have confirmed that the principles applied to the design of the peptide side chain are efficient instruments for improving aptamer characteristics for the proposed TBA conjugate model

Minimal Zn2+ Binding Site of Amyloid-β

Zinc-induced aggregation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a hallmark molecular feature of Alzheimer's disease. Here we provide direct thermodynamic evidence that elucidates the role of the Aβ region 6–14 as the minimal Zn2+ binding site wherein the ion is coordinated by His6, Glu11, His13, and His14. With the help of isothermal titration calorimetry and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations, the region 11–14 was determined as the primary zinc recognition site and considered an important drug-target candidate to prevent Zn2+-induced aggregation of Aβ