Graphical Technology Information Dissemination

Graphical technologies cover a wide range of topics from the modeling software used by animators, to algorithms used in scientific simulations of natural phenomena, to the growing 3D printing industry. While graphical technologies are still relatively new, information regarding these subjects have many outlets in the form of Internet blogs, online magazines, and websites devoted to the changes and advances of these technologies. Example topics include the latest tools in Adobe Photoshop, the algorithms used in a recently released Disney movie, or the newest video card to hit the market. This poster will present what aspects of graphical technology are of interest to different disciplines, namely programming, business, art, and engineering. These results will show which, if any, aspects of graphical technologies impact these fields, and how this technology will grow to be used in the future

Phosphorus loss with surface runoff as affected by bioenergy-based residue and nutrient managment systems for an Iowa loam soil

Growing interest in biofuel generation with cellulosic biomass from row crop residues necessitates research to investigate biomass and nutrient management systems impacts water quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of a range of cropping and corn biomass harvest systems on P loss with surface runoff as affected by N–P management based on inorganic fertilizers or liquid swine manure. A 2–year rainfall simulation study was conducted on established field plots with Clarion loam soil (mixed, superactive, Typic Hapludolls). Eight treatments, each replicated three times, were set up in a completely randomized block design using 174 m2 plots. Treatments consisted of continuous corn (CC) harvested for total above–ground biomass or grain managed with N–P fertilizer or N–based liquid swine manure for corn (four); CC harvested for grain plus a fraction of cornstalks managed with N–P fertilizer (one); corn–soybean rotation harvested for grain managed with N–based manure for corn (one treatment, but each crop phase was planted each year); and switchgrass managed with N–P fertilizer or in plots with a long history of manure application (two) harvested once per year for total biomass. The P fertilizer was applied at rates necessary to maintain recommended optimal soil–test P for crop growth. Simulated–rainfall (76 mm hr−1) was applied to 3 m2 microplots, located in different parts of each large plot each year until 30 min of runoff occurred in the fall and in the spring of each year. Residue cover, total runoff, sediment loss, and concentrations of dissolved reactive P, bioavailable P (estimated by the FeO–impregnated paper method), and total P in runoff were measured. The largest losses of all runoff P fractions were for CC managed with N–based manure and total biomass harvest, which showed the highest soil P concentrations among the grain crops. Differences among all other treatments were small and inconsistent in the fall season, but in spring the two switchgrass treatments showed the lowest loss of bioavailable and total P

Is semantic preview benefit due to relatedness or plausibility?

There is increasing evidence that skilled readers of English benefit from processing a parafoveal preview of a semantically related word. However, in previous investigations of semantic preview benefit using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm the semantic relatedness between the preview and target has been confounded with the plausibility of the preview word in the sentence. In the present study, preview relatedness and plausibility were independently manipulated in neutral sentences read by a large sample of skilled adult readers. Participants were assessed on measures of reading and spelling ability to identify possible sources of individual differences in preview effects. The results showed that readers benefited from a preview of a plausible word, regardless of the semantic relatedness of the preview and the target. However, there was limited evidence of a semantic relatedness benefit when the plausibility of the preview was controlled. The plausibility preview benefit was strongest for low proficiency readers, suggesting that poorer readers were more likely to program a forward saccade based on information extracted from the preview. High proficiency readers showed equivalent disruption from all non-identical previews suggesting that they were more likely to suffer interference from the orthographic mismatch between preview and target.Australian Research Counci

Parafoveal preview benefit in sentence reading: Independent effects of plausibility and orthographic relatedness

Recent evidence from studies using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm suggests that parafoveal preview benefit is contingent on the fit between a preview word and the sentence context. We investigated whether this plausibility preview benefit is modulated by preview/target orthographic relatedness. Participants’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences in which the parafoveal preview of a target word was manipulated. Non-identical previews were plausible or implausible continuations of the sentence that were either an orthographic neighbor of the target or unrelated to the target. First-pass reading measures showed a strong plausibility preview benefit. There was also a benefit from preview/target orthographic relatedness across reading measures. These two preview effects did not interact on any fixation measure. There was also no evidence that the relatedness effect was caused by misperception of an orthographically similar preview as the target word. These data highlight the existence of two independent mechanisms underlying preview effects: a benefit from the contextual fit of the preview word in the sentence and a benefit from the sublexical overlap between the preview and target word.Australian Research Counci

Semantic preview benefit in English: Individual differences in the extraction and use of parafoveal semantic information

While there is robust evidence that skilled readers of English extract and use orthographic and phonological information from the parafovea to facilitate word identification, semantic preview benefits are more elusive. We sought to establish whether individual differences in the extraction and/or use of parafoveal semantic information could account for this discrepancy. Ninety-nine adult readers were assessed on measures of reading and spelling ability and read sentences while their eye movements were recorded. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm was used to manipulate the availability of relevant semantic and orthographic information in the parafovea. On average, readers showed a benefit from previews high in semantic feature overlap with the target. However reading and spelling ability yielded opposite effects on semantic preview benefit. High reading ability was associated with a semantic preview benefit that was equivalent to an identical preview on first-pass reading. High spelling ability was associated with a reduced semantic preview benefit despite an overall higher rate of skipping. These results suggest that differences in the magnitude of semantic preview benefits in English reflect constraints on extracting semantic information from the parafovea and competition between the orthographic features of the preview and target.Australian Research Counci

Spelling ability selectively predicts the magnitude of disruption in unspaced text reading

We examined the effect of individual differences in written language proficiency on unspaced text reading in a large sample of skilled adult readers who were assessed on reading comprehension and spelling ability. Participants’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing a low or high frequency target word, presented with standard interword spacing, or in one of three unsegmented text conditions that either preserved or eliminated word boundary information. The average data replicated previous studies: unspaced text reading was associated with increased fixation durations, a higher number of fixations, more regressions, reduced saccade length, and an inflation of the word frequency effect. The individual differences results provided insight into the mechanisms contributing to these effects. Higher reading ability was associated with greater overall reading speed and fluency in all conditions. In contrast, spelling ability selectively modulated the effect of interword spacing with poorer spelling ability predicting greater difficulty across the majority of sentence- and word-level measures. These results suggest that high quality lexical representations allowed better spellers to extract lexical units from unfamiliar text forms, inoculating them against the disruptive effects of being deprived of spacing information.Australian Research Counci