Analisis Efisiensi Pemasaran Kubis di Kabupaten Magetan (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Plaosan)

: The research aims to (1) determine the amount of costs, profits and marketing margins in each marketing channel of cabbage, (2) marketing channels of cabbage most economically efficient, (3) the level of integration between the cabbage market Pasar Sayur- Magetan Regency and Pasar Besar - Ngawi regency. The basic method of this research is descriptive analysis method with survey techniques. Research sites in the subdistrict of Plaosan because it is the area\u27s largest cabbage producer in Magetan regency. The data used are primary and secondary data. Data analysis included descriptive analysis of marketing channels, costs and marketing margins and market integration. The results showed that there are three marketing channels cabbage in Magetan regency which marketing channels I : cabbage farmers à collecting traders à large traders à retailers à consumers, marketing channels II : cabbage farmers à large traders à retailers à consumers, marketing channels III : cabbage farmers à retailers à consumers. Marketing margin percentage in the marketing channels I 51.43%, channel II 42.86% and channel III 28.57%. Farmer\u27s share value at marketing channel I 48.57%, channel II 55.71%, and channel 69.95%. Cabbage marketing channels which are economically the most efficient marketing channel III with the lowest marketing margin percentage and the highest value of the farmer\u27s share. The integration between the cabbage market Pasar Sayur- Magetan Regency and Pasar Besar - Ngawi regency was low with IMC value of 3.4 > 1

Asymmetric NHC-Catalyzed Redox α‑Amination of α‑Aroyloxyaldehydes

Asymmetric α-amination through an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed redox reaction of α-aroyloxyaldehydes with <i>N</i>-aryl-<i>N</i>-aroyldiazenes to form α-hydrazino esters with high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) is reported. The hydrazide products are readily converted into enantioenriched <i>N</i>-aryl amino esters through samarium(II) iodide mediated N–N bond cleavage

Telescoped Synthesis of Stereodefined Pyrrolidines

Telescoped and one-pot olefination/asymmetric functionalization approaches to disubstituted pyrrolidines (dr up to 99:1, up to 99% ee) have been developed using commercially available tetramisole (0.1 to 5 mol %). Using OTMS-quinidine as the Lewis base gives preferential access to an <i>anti</i>-configured pyrrolidine in high enantioselectivity

Enantioselective Synthesis in Continuous Flow: Polymer-Supported Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Michael Addition–Cyclization with α‑Azol-2-ylacetophenones

A packed reactor bed incorporating a polymer-supported isothiourea HyperBTM catalyst derivative has been used to promote the enantioselective synthesis of a range of heterocyclic products derived from α-azol-2-ylacetophenones and -acetamides combined with alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic α,β-unsaturated homoanhydrides in continuous flow via an α,β-unsaturated acyl-ammonium intermediate. The products are generated in good to excellent yields and generally in excellent enantiopurity (up to 97:3 er). Scale-up is demonstrated on a 15 mmol scale, giving the heterocyclic product in 68% overall yield with 98:2 er after recrystallization

NHC-Promoted Asymmetric β‑Lactone Formation from Arylalkylketenes and Electron-Deficient Benzaldehydes or Pyridinecarboxaldehydes

A chiral NHC catalyzes the asymmetric formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkylarylketenes with both electron-deficient benzaldehydes and 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes to generate stereodefined β-lactones. In the benzaldehyde series, optimal product diastereo- and enantiocontrol is observed using 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (up to 93:7 dr (<i>syn</i>:<i>anti</i>) and 93% ee). Substituted 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes are also tolerated in this process, generating the corresponding β-lactones in good yield and enantioselectivity, although the diastereocontrol in these processes is highly dependent upon the aldehyde substitution. These processes are readily scalable, allowing multigram quantities of the β-lactone products to be prepared. Derivatization of these products, either through ring opening into the corresponding stereodefined β-hydroxy and β-amino acid derivatives without loss of stereochemical integrity or via cross-coupling, is demonstrated

Asymmetric Pericyclic Cascade Approach to Spirocyclic Oxindoles

The reaction of chiral <i>N</i>-arylnitrones with carbocyclic alkylarylketenes generates spirocyclic oxindoles in good yields and with excellent levels of enantioselectivity (90–99% ee) via a pericyclic cascade process

NHC-Promoted Asymmetric β‑Lactone Formation from Arylalkylketenes and Electron-Deficient Benzaldehydes or Pyridinecarboxaldehydes

A chiral NHC catalyzes the asymmetric formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkylarylketenes with both electron-deficient benzaldehydes and 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes to generate stereodefined β-lactones. In the benzaldehyde series, optimal product diastereo- and enantiocontrol is observed using 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (up to 93:7 dr (<i>syn</i>:<i>anti</i>) and 93% ee). Substituted 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes are also tolerated in this process, generating the corresponding β-lactones in good yield and enantioselectivity, although the diastereocontrol in these processes is highly dependent upon the aldehyde substitution. These processes are readily scalable, allowing multigram quantities of the β-lactone products to be prepared. Derivatization of these products, either through ring opening into the corresponding stereodefined β-hydroxy and β-amino acid derivatives without loss of stereochemical integrity or via cross-coupling, is demonstrated

NHC-Promoted Asymmetric β‑Lactone Formation from Arylalkylketenes and Electron-Deficient Benzaldehydes or Pyridinecarboxaldehydes

A chiral NHC catalyzes the asymmetric formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkylarylketenes with both electron-deficient benzaldehydes and 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes to generate stereodefined β-lactones. In the benzaldehyde series, optimal product diastereo- and enantiocontrol is observed using 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (up to 93:7 dr (<i>syn</i>:<i>anti</i>) and 93% ee). Substituted 2- and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydes are also tolerated in this process, generating the corresponding β-lactones in good yield and enantioselectivity, although the diastereocontrol in these processes is highly dependent upon the aldehyde substitution. These processes are readily scalable, allowing multigram quantities of the β-lactone products to be prepared. Derivatization of these products, either through ring opening into the corresponding stereodefined β-hydroxy and β-amino acid derivatives without loss of stereochemical integrity or via cross-coupling, is demonstrated

Isothiourea-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β‑Lactams and β‑Amino Esters from Arylacetic Acid Derivatives and <i>N</i>‑Sulfonylaldimines

The isothiourea HBTM-2.1 (5 mol %) catalyzes the asymmetric formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of both arylacetic acids (following activation with tosyl chloride) and preformed 2-arylacetic anhydrides with <i>N</i>-sulfonylaldimines, generating stereodefined 2,3-diaryl-β-amino esters (after ring-opening) and 3,4-diaryl-<i>anti</i>-β-lactams, respectively, with high diastereocontrol (up to >95:5 dr) and good to excellent enantiocontrol. Deprotection of the <i>N</i>-tosyl substituent within the β-lactam framework was possible without racemization by treatment with SmI₂

Proton Transfer Reactions of Triazol-3-ylidenes: Kinetic Acidities and Carbon Acid p<i>K</i>_a Values for Twenty Triazolium Salts in Aqueous Solution

Second-order rate constants have been determined for deuteroxide ion-catalyzed exchange of the C(3)-proton for deuterium, <i>k</i>_DO (M^–1 s^–1), of a series of 20 triazolium salts in aqueous solution at 25 °C and ionic strength <i>I</i> = 1.0 (KCl). Evidence is presented that the rate constant for the reverse protonation of the triazol-3-ylidenes by solvent water is close to that for dielectric relaxation of solvent (10¹¹ s^–1). These data enabled the calculation of carbon acid p<i>K</i>_a values in the range 16.5–18.5 for the 20 triazolium salts. p<i>D</i> rate profiles for deuterium exchange of the triazolium salts reveal that protonation at nitrogen to give <i>dicationic</i> triazolium species occurs under acidic conditions, with estimates of p<i>K</i>_a^N1 = −0.2 to 0.5