International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020).

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice

An Evaluation of the Role of Simulation Training for Teaching Surgical Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa.

An estimated 5 billion people worldwide lack access to any surgical care, whilst surgical conditions account for 11-30% of the global burden of disease. Maximizing the effectiveness of surgical training is imperative to improve access to safe and essential surgical care on a global scale. Innovative methods of surgical training have been used in sub-Saharan Africa to attempt to improve the efficiency of training healthcare workers in surgery. Simulation training may have an important role in up-scaling and improving the efficiency of surgical training and has been widely used in SSA. Though not intended to be a systematic review, the role of simulation for teaching surgical skills in Sub-Saharan Africa was reviewed to assess the evidence for use and outcomes

Ocorrência de vírus em batata em sete estados do Brasil Virus occurrence in potatoes in seven Brazilian States

As viroses causam rápida degenerescência dos tubérculos-sementes de batata. Em condições tropicais, em que a presença de afídeos vetores é constante e a estrutura das populações de vírus é dinâmica, a pressão das doenças é enorme. Conhecer essa dinâmica é uma ferramenta importante para a sustentabilidade da produção de batata. Realizou-se um levantamento abrangente da ocorrência de viroses em batata no Brasil, além de estudar-se a distribuição das estirpes de Potato virus Y (PVY) associadas ao mosaico da batata. Em 2005 e 2006 foram visitadas lavouras em sete estados brasileiros, coletando-se folíolos com sintomas de viroses (1.256 amostras) e amostras aleatórias (360 amostras). Foi feita também uma estimativa visual da incidência de mosaico e enrolamento-das-folhas em vários dos campos visitados. Das 1.256 amostras suspeitas, 840 apresentaram reação positiva em teste sorológico para PVY (66,9%), 128 para Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) (10,2%), 79 para Potato virus S (PVS) (6,3%) e nenhuma para Potato virus X (PVX). Os resultados dos testes de detecção por DAS-ELISA, biológico e RT-PCR mostraram a presença quase absoluta do subgrupo necrótico de PVY, em sua maioria PVY NTN. A análise de uma sub-amostragem em todos os municípios visitados confirmou que essa variante está hoje presente nos sete estados visitados. Amostras de PVY NTN foram obtidas das cultivares Asterix, Atlantic, Agata, Achat, Baronesa, Baraka, Bintje, Caesar, Cupido, Marijke, Monalisa, Panda e Vivaldi, que apresentaram diferentes níveis de suscetibilidade. As amostras aleatórias revelaram um quadro muito similar ao encontrado com as amostras sintomáticas. PLRV foi identificado em MG, BA, PR e SC, em várias lavouras de forma muito freqüente. PVS foi identificado nesses mesmos estados e também em SP. PVX foi detectado em apenas uma amostra tomada ao acaso em Serra do Salitre (MG). O contraste entre a avaliação visual dos sintomas e os resultados do teste de detecção por ELISA revelou a possibilidade de infecção latente por PVY em níveis relevantes na cultivar Asterix.<br>Viruses are responsible for the quick degeneration of potato seed-tubers. In the tropics, where aphid vectors are constantly present and the structure of virus populations is dynamic, the disease pressure is enormous. Therefore, the knowledge of such dynamics is definitely an extremely valuable tool towards the sustainability of the national potato production. In this study, we report a broad survey of virus occurrence in potato, in Brazil. In addition, we studied the distribution of the Potato virus Y (PVY) strains associated with mosaic symptoms on potatoes. In 2005 and 2006, we visited potato fields in seven Brazilian States. We collected leaves of symptomatic plants (1,256 samples) and also at random (360 samples). In addition, in several fields a visual assessment was carried out to estimate mosaic and leafroll incidence. From the 1,256 samples with symptoms, 840 tested serologically were positive to PVY (66.9%), 128 to PLRV (10.2%), 79 to PVS (6.3%), and none to PVX. Serology using DAS-ELISA and also biological and RT-PCR tests revealed an almost exclusive occurrence of the PVY necrotic strain, predominantly the necrotic subgroup PVY NTN. The analysis of a sub-sample representing all surveyed Counties indicated that the necrotic strain was universally present. Cultivars Asterix, Atlantic, Agata, Achat, Baronesa, Baraka, Bintje, Caesar, Cupido, Marijke, Monalisa, Panda, and Vivaldi, although displaying different susceptibility levels, were all infected by PVY NTN. The analysis of leaves collected at random showed similar results. PLRV was identified in four States (Minas Gerais, Bahia, Paraná, and Santa Catarina), while PVS was present in the State of São Paulo as well. PVX was found in only one sample collected at random in Serra do Salitre, State of Minas Gerais. The contrast between visual evaluation and the results of the detection test by ELISA strongly indicated the presence of a relevant rate of PVY latent infection on cultivar Asterix