"Die Provinzen Bosnien und Herzegowina sollen von Österreich besetzt und verwaltet werden." - Der österreichisch-ungarische Einfluss auf das okkupierte/annektierte Bosnien-Herzegowina

The Austrian–Hungarian Influence on Bosnia–Herzegovina After the Occupation 1878 This paper is about the Austrian–Hungarian influence on the occupied lands of Bosnia–Herzegovina from 1878 until the end of the Habsburgian rule in 1918. It examines exemplarily the innovation set in action in terms of economy, the educational system and - as it is a multicultural region -  the life of the jewish minority. As it will be shown, there were general changes in these fields and they differ depending on the examined issue

Testing of Early Ripening Strawberry Cultivars Tolerant to Soil-Borne Pathogens as Alternative to \u27Elsanta\u27

Soil-borne pathogens, above all Verticillium sp., cause plant loss and yield decrease in many Austrian strawberry regions. As part of a research project 13 cultivars were planted in 2005 at 11 sites on nine farms in five different Austrian regions. The aim was to test early ripening Verticillium tolerant cultivars which are winter hardy, with high yield and good fruit characteristics as alternative to the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Elsanta’. Although in 2005 climatic conditions where not favorable for wilt development, ‘Elsanta’, ‘Sonata’, ‘Dora’, ‘Eva’ and ‘Divine’ showed typical symptoms on several sites. ‘Darselect’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Queen Elisa’ were less susceptible than ‘Elsanta’. No indication of wilt on the several sites was observed on ‘Alba’ (except at one site), ‘Alice’, ‘Daroyal’, ‘Record’ and ‘Salsa’. The results of yield and fruit quality have to be interpreted carefully, because they were obtained only at one site in the year of planting. ‘Alba’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Daroyal’ started ripening two days before ‘Elsanta’; ‘Queen Elisa’ and ‘Dora’ at the same day as ‘Elsanta’ and all other cultivars started later. High yield per m2 had ‘Elsanta’, ‘Salsa’, ‘Record’ and ‘Sonata’. High average fruit weight showed ‘Salsa’, ‘Record’ and ‘Darselect’, while ‘Divine’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Queen Elisa’ had rather small fruits. Some new cultivars (e.g. ‘Eva’, ‘Queen Elisa’, ‘Alba’ and ‘Record’) had a much higher fruit firmness in comparison to ‘Elsanta’; nevertheless this was not favourable in the tasting experiment. Further examinations are planned in future

Detection of Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in Soil Samples and Prospects to Reduce the Inoculum Potential of the Fungus in the Soil

Verticillium dahliae causes a wilting disease in strawberries and is very destructive on the light, sandy soils prevailing in many Austrian strawberry regions. Our work aims at the testing and providing different strategies to control Verticillium in the field: 1) a soil test to check the presence of microsclerotia before planting; 2) testing new, Verticillium tolerant early season varieties as alternative to ‘Elsanta’ and 3) testing measures to reduce the microsclerotia content in the soil. The paper describes a field monitoring to study the factors that influence the relationship between inoculum concentration in the soil and the disease incidence in the field, and on-farm biofumigation trials aiming at testing the applicability of the method to reduce the microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae in the soil

Ekologické ovocnářství na vyšších kmenných tvarech

Výsadby ovocných dřevin na vyšších kmenných tvarech, kam patří vysokokmeny, případně i polokmeny, mají zpravidla podobu extenzivních sadů, alejí, stromořadí, skupinových výsadeb, ale i solitérů. Tyto výsadby obohacují krajinu a významně podporují biologickou rozmanitost. Přestože z hospodářských důvodů pěstování ovoce na vyšších kmenných tvarech silně ustoupilo, tento způsob produkce je životaschopný a vhodný především pro ekologicky hospodařící podniky. Příručka poskytuje zemědělcům informace pro úspěšnou ekologicky a ekonomicky udržitelnou produkci stolního i průmyslového ovoce na vyšších kmenných tvarech.Překlad švýcarského originálu je upraven a doplněn komentáři, které zohledňují tradiční formy ovocnářství v ČR, zejména v marginálních oblastech

Testing of Early Ripening Strawberry Cultivars Tolerant to Soil-Borne Pathogens as Alternative to \u27Elsanta\u27

Soil-borne pathogens, above all Verticillium sp., cause plant loss and yield decrease in many Austrian strawberry regions. As part of a research project 13 cultivars were planted in 2005 at 11 sites on nine farms in five different Austrian regions. The aim was to test early ripening Verticillium tolerant cultivars which are winter hardy, with high yield and good fruit characteristics as alternative to the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Elsanta’. Although in 2005 climatic conditions where not favorable for wilt development, ‘Elsanta’, ‘Sonata’, ‘Dora’, ‘Eva’ and ‘Divine’ showed typical symptoms on several sites. ‘Darselect’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Queen Elisa’ were less susceptible than ‘Elsanta’. No indication of wilt on the several sites was observed on ‘Alba’ (except at one site), ‘Alice’, ‘Daroyal’, ‘Record’ and ‘Salsa’. The results of yield and fruit quality have to be interpreted carefully, because they were obtained only at one site in the year of planting. ‘Alba’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Daroyal’ started ripening two days before ‘Elsanta’; ‘Queen Elisa’ and ‘Dora’ at the same day as ‘Elsanta’ and all other cultivars started later. High yield per m2 had ‘Elsanta’, ‘Salsa’, ‘Record’ and ‘Sonata’. High average fruit weight showed ‘Salsa’, ‘Record’ and ‘Darselect’, while ‘Divine’, ‘Clery’ and ‘Queen Elisa’ had rather small fruits. Some new cultivars (e.g. ‘Eva’, ‘Queen Elisa’, ‘Alba’ and ‘Record’) had a much higher fruit firmness in comparison to ‘Elsanta’; nevertheless this was not favourable in the tasting experiment. Further examinations are planned in future

Sorten für den biologischen Obstbau auf Hochstämmen

Die Sortenliste für den Erwerbs- und Selbstversorgerobstbau beschreibt bewährte Sorten mit ihren Anfälligkeiten, Fruchteigenschaften und Besonderheiten. Die Liste ist die ideale Ergänzung zum FiBL-Merkblatt "Biologischer Obstbau auf Hochstämmen"

Biologischer Obstbau auf Hochstämmen

Das Merkblatt vermittelt Praktikerinnen und Praktikern alle Informationen, die sie für eine erfolgreiche, ökologisch und wirtschaftlich abgestimmte Produktion von biologischem Verarbeitungs- und Tafelobst auf Hochstämmen brauchen

Autochthonous Austrian Varieties of Prunus avium L. Represent a Regional Gene Pool, Assessed Using SSR and AFLP Markers

Sweet cherry production faces new challenges that necessitate the exploitation of genetic resources such as varietal collections and landraces in breeding programs. A harmonized approach to characterization is key for an optimal utilization of germplasm in breeding. This study reports the genotyping of 63 sweet cherry accessions using a harmonized set of 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers optimized in two multiplexed PCR reactions. Thirty-eight distinct allelic profiles were identified. The set of SSR markers chosen proved highly informative in these germplasm; an average of 6.3 alleles per locus, a PIC value of 0.59 and above-average expected and observed heterozygosity levels were detected. Additionally, 223 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers derived from eight selective primer combinations were employed to further differentiate 17 closely related accessions, confirming the SSR analysis. Genetic relationships between internationally known old cultivars were revealed: SSR fingerprints of “Schneiders Späte Knorpelkirsche” and “Germersdorfer” were found to be identical to those of the standard cultivar “Noire de Meched”, among others, whereas four accessions known as “Hedelfinger Riesenkirsche” and four known as “Große Schwarze Knorpelkirsche” showed allelic differences at various loci. The genetic diversity of locally-grown cultivars worldwide might be currently underestimated. Several autochthonous Austrian sweet cherry germplasm accessions were genotyped for the first time and their genetic relationships analyzed and discussed. Interestingly, seven Austrian sweet cherry landraces were shown to be clearly genetically separated from international and modern varieties, indicating that Austrian germplasm could include valuable genetic resources for future breeding efforts

Validation of individual-based Markov-like stochastic process model of insect behaviour and a ‘virtual farm’ concept for enhancement of site-specific IPM

The paper reports application of a Markov-like stochastic process agent-based model and a ‘virtual farm’ concept for enhancement of site-specific Integrated Pest Management. Conceptually, the model represents a ‘bottom-up ethological’ approach and emulates behaviour of the ‘primary IPM actors’ - large cohorts of individual insects - within seasonally changing mosaics of spatiotemporally complex faming landscape, under the challenge of the local IPM actions. Algorithms of the proprietary PESTonFARM model were adjusted to reflect behaviour and ecology of R. cerasi. Model parametrization was based on compiled published information about R. cerasi and the results of auxiliary on-farm experiments. The experiments were conducted on sweet cherry farms located in Austria, Germany and Belgium. For each farm, a customised model-module was prepared, reflecting its spatiotemporal features. Historical data about pest monitoring, IPM treatments and fruit infestation were used to specify the model assumptions and calibrate it further. Finally, for each of the farms, virtual IPM experiments were simulated and the model-generated results were compared with the results of the real experiments conducted on the same farms. Implications of the findings for broader applicability of the model and the ‘virtual farm’ approach - were discussed

Molecular and Enzymatic Characterization of Flavonoid 3′-Hydroxylase of Malus × domestica

Malus × domestica (apple) accumulates particularly high amounts of dihydrochalcones in various tissues, with phloridzin (phloretin 2′-O-glucoside) being prevalent, although small amounts of 3-hydroxyphloretin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin are also constitutively present. The latter was shown to correlate with increased disease resistance of transgenic M. × domestica plants. Two types of enzymes could be involved in 3-hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones: polyphenol oxidases or the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), which catalyzes B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids. We isolated two F3′H cDNA clones from apple leaves and tested recombinant Malus F3′Hs for their substrate specificity. From the two isolated cDNA clones, only F3′HII encoded a functionally active enzyme. In the F3′HI sequence, we identified two putatively relevant amino acids that were exchanged in comparison to that of a previously published F3′HI. Site directed mutagenesis, which exchanged an isoleucine into methionine in position 211 restored the functional activity, which is probably because it is located in an area involved in interaction with the substrate. In contrast to high activity with various flavonoid substrates, the recombinant enzymes did not accept phloretin under assay conditions, making an involvement in the dihydrochalcone biosynthesis unlikely