MOESM4 of Proteomic profiling identifies markers for inflammation-related tumor–fibroblast interaction

Additional file 4. Table S3. GO-term enrichment analysis based on biological process

The incidence of gastric cancer.

<p>(A) Total number of gastric cancer patients per year.(B) Percentage of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive patients with gastric cancer per year.</p

Characteristics of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive gastric cancer patients confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

<p>Characteristics of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive gastric cancer patients confirmed by immunohistochemistry.</p

The incidence and location of gastric cancer.

<p>(A) Black bar indicates number of gastric cancer patients per year. Shaded bar indicates <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive gastric cancer patients per year.(B) The location of the cancer in patients either <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> infected(black bar) or non-infected(shaded bar).</p

Prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its CagA subtypes in gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer at an Austrian tertiary referral center over 25 years

<div><p>Background and aims</p><p>The prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori (H</i>. <i>pylori)</i> tends to be lower in Western countries such as central Europe compared with Asia. The virulence of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> is influenced by its subtype composition, most importantly by the presence or absence of different types of cytotoxin-associated gene A(CagA). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> and its respective CagA phenotype in a large retrospective cohort of patients with gastric cancer or duodenal ulcer at a Western tertiary referral institution.</p><p>Methods</p><p><i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive gastric biopsy samples from patients diagnosed with the afore mentioned diseases within the past 25 years were re-evaluated by histology for <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> and status of gastritis. Confirmed <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive cases were processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i>,CagA, and EastAsiantype CagA.</p><p>Results</p><p>The prevalence of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive gastric biopsy samples decreased from 20.7% to 2.3% within the study period. Among the gastric cancer patients, the <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive rate was 16.6%, and didn’t show significant changes over time (p = 0.38). Contrary, the <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive rate of duodenal ulcer decreased significantlyfrom 40% to 5% (p = 0.01). Within <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive groups ofboth diseases, CagA was highly detected at IHC (86% and 78%, respectively). Except for a few patients originating from East Asian countries, all CagA detected in this study were of Western type.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In this first Western investigation on the chronological prevalence of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> and its most relevant subtypes, Western type of CagA was highly detected in two important index diseases of the pathogen. This raises further questions about the virulence of this subtype.</p></div

Status of gastritis by histology.

<p>Activity, inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in both the antrum and the corpus in duodenal ulcer patients and gastric cancer patients. (0, ‘normal’, white bar; 1, ‘mild’,grey bar; 2, ‘moderate’, dark grey bar;and 3, ‘marked’, black bar).</p

CagA status in samples proven to be <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive by immunohistochemistry.

<p>CagA status in samples proven to be <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive by immunohistochemistry.</p

The incidence of duodenal ulcer.

<p>(A) Total number of duodenal ulcer patients per year.(B) Percentage of <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> positive patients with duodenal ulcer per year.</p

In Situ Characterization of Tissue-Resident Immune Cells by MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Tissue-resident immune cells differ from their corresponding blood cells in many functional aspects. Although the proteome of blood immune cells has been well-investigated, there are almost no data on tissue-resident immune cells. Here, we explored the potential of using MALDI-TOF-MS imaging (MSI) to investigate these cells in colon tissue, which exhibits a strong infiltration of immune cells. MSI identified several proteinaceous markers that colocalized with specific structures of the colon, such as mucosa or muscularis mucosae, in six patients. In addition, we showed that certain <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> values have the same spatial distribution as CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicular structures or as CD206⁺ macrophages in the lamina propria. For further corroboration, blood lymphocytes and monocytes from 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed by intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS). Furthermore, we analyzed monocyte-derived macrophages that had been polarized in vitro into proinflammatory M₁ and anti-inflammatory M₂ phenotypes. The mass spectra differed clearly among all immune cell types. Additionally, it was found that distinct signals from ICMS analysis were identical to the <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> values found in the MSI experiment in lymphoid follicular structures. These data show for the first time that MSI is well-suited to visualize the spatial distribution of immune cells in human colon tissue. We consider MALDI mass spectrometry imaging to be a technique with high potential for use in rapid investigations of tissue-specific features of cells