what role for central banking and supervisors to build a climate and environmental resilient financial system

O conceito de ‘Finanças Verdes’ surgiu como uma resposta à necessidade de compatibilizar a economia global com os esforços para combater as alterações climáticas e assim, prosseguir um desenvolvimento ambientalmente sustentável. Para o sistema financeiro, esta abordagem implica tratar dos riscos financeiros relacionados com o clima, que resultam dos impactos adversos das alterações climáticas, assim como das externalidades negativas decorrentes da transição para uma economia neutra na emissão de carbono. No entanto, os bancos centrais e os quadros regulamentares existentes negligenciaram até então estas fontes de risco, resultando numa ausência de informação financeira e nãofinanceira relativa à exposição dos bancos a riscos climáticos e numa potencial falta de credibilidade em produtos financeiros verdes e sustentáveis. Esta pesquisa visa definir, caracterizar e analisar os riscos financeiros relacionados com o clima no sector bancário, incluindo os desafios de adaptação das carteiras de empréstimos aos fatores de transmissão micro e macroeconómicos de riscos físicos e transitórios. Em particular, centra-se no papel da regulação e supervisão financeira, bem como dos bancos centrais no panorama internacional e, em particular, da União Europeia, a fim de assegurar um sistema financeiro sólido e estável face aos crescentes impactos adversos das alterações climáticas, nomeadamente na transformação dos fundamentos económicos e na mudança das preferências dos consumidores em direção a uma economia sustentável. Esse papel poderá implicar um alargamento dos mandatos dos supervisores financeiros e dos bancos centrais a fim de considerarem fatores de sustentabilidade nas suas tomadas de decisão. Seguindo uma abordagem tradicional baseada no risco, analisam-se os principais instrumentos micro e macroprudenciais à luz dos três pilares dos Acordos de Basileia, bem como possíveis alterações à política monetária e aos seus instrumentos financeiros tradicionais.The concept of "Green Finance" emerged as a response to the need of aligning the global economy with the efforts to fight climate change and thus, pursuing an environmentally sustainable development. For the financial system, this includes addressing climate-related financial risks, which arise from the adverse impacts of climate change, and the negative externalities of the transition to a carbonneutral economy. However, central banks and the existing regulatory frameworks have traditionally neglected these sources of risk, resulting in a lack of financial and non-financial information on banks' exposure to climate risks and a lack of trust in green and sustainable financial products. This research aims to define, characterise and analyse climate-related financial risks in the banking sector, including the challenges in adapting lending portfolios to physical and transitional micro and macroeconomic transmission channels. In particular, it focuses on the role of financial regulation and supervision, as well as central banks, in the international landscape (especially in the context of the European Union) to ensure a sound and stable financial system in light of the rising negative effects of climate change, the changing economic fundamentals, and shifting consumer preferences towards a sustainable economy. Furthermore, supervisors and central banks may be persuaded to prioritise sustainability factors in their decision-making processes, which may entail an extension of their mandates. Using a traditional risk-based approach, key micro and macroprudential instruments are analysed in the light of the three pillars of the Basel Accords, as well as possible changes to monetary policy and its traditional financial instruments

El alcance del derecho en la imagen análisis jurídico del Art. 41 de la ley de propiedad intelectual

The present research is focused on establishing an analysis of Article 41 of the Copyright Act, which refers to the rights of the photograph and the people on them. The focus of this thesis is to determine what specific action should be taken when referring to people who are captured in the background of an image. In this thesis it will also be imperative to determine if these people´s constitutional right to their image is being violated or if its use and regulation is within the provisions given by Article 41.El presente trabajo de investigación está enfocado en establecer un análisis del artículo 41 de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, el cual se refiere a los derechos de la fotografía y las personas que figuran en las mismas. En específico, busca determinar cuál es la acción que se debe tomar cuando se refiere a terceros que aparecen capturados en el fondo de una imagen. Así como también, determinar si es que a estas personas se les está violando su derecho constitucional a la imagen o si es que se encuentran dentro de los preceptos del artículo 41 de la Ley

Ocorrência de candidíase bucal em pacientes com câncer na região de cabeça e pescoço

Introduction: Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection in patients irradiated in the head and neck region. In antineoplastic treatment period they undergo a transient immunosuppression framework in which there is a predisposition to the proliferation of opportunistic fungi. In the oral cavity clinical forms of candidiasis may be associated with mucosal changes, manifesting in acute pseudomembranous forms, acute atrophic, chronic hyperplastic, chronic atrophic, glossitis rhomboid and angular cheilitis. The fungal infection provides the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx symptoms of burning, which difficult, reducing the quality of life of the patient, as well as hamper the antineoplastic treatment. Thus, effective treatments are important, to avoid these complications. Objectives: To investigate the occurrence of oral candidiasis diagnosed in patients with head and neck cancer treated at the dental clinic from January 2013 to June 2014; evaluate the antifungal therapy and predisposing factors related to oral candidiasis; relate time of treatment, clinical course of candidiasis and symptoms; relate anatomical site of the tumor, presence of candidiasis, radiation time and / or chemotherapy and stage of cancer. Material and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, chart analysis from the “Aplicativo de Gestão para Hospitais Universitários” (AGHU) (Management Application for University Hospitals) and Hospital files of the Clinical Cancer Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia. Results: Of the total assessed medical records (83 patients), 48 patients (57.8%) had at least one episode of oral candidiasis. The antifungal agents used were nystatin, miconazole and fluconazole oral gel for up to three months. The most frequent symptoms were dry mouth (p = 0.006) and dysgeusia (p = 0.031). Antifungal therapies have been effective in 95.8% of patients. Chemotherapy in this study had statistically significant (p = 0.021) in involvement by oral candidiasis, but it was not possible to evaluate the periods between chemotherapy, and 26.5% of patients had the first fungal infection with cumulative dose 1800 cGy radiotherapy. Conclusion: The majority of patients experienced at least one episode of oral candidiasis during antineoplastic treatment. The appearance of oral candidiasis was related to the following items: the cumulative dose of radiotherapy, tumor hyposalivation and anatomical sites. The most patients evolved to cure after antifungal treatment. Symptoms most frequently reported were burning, odynophagia, trismus, xerostomia, dysphagia, and dysgeusia. Most of the patients were affected by oral candidiasis in a cumulative dose of 1800 cGy radiotherapy.Dissertação (Mestrado)Introdução: A candidíase bucal é uma infecção fúngica comum em pacientes irradiados em região de cabeça e pescoço. No período de tratamento antineoplásico eles passam por um quadro de imunodepressão transitória, no qual há predisposição à proliferação de fungos oportunistas. Na cavidade oral as formas clínicas de candidíase podem estar associadas à alteração de mucosa, manifestando-se nas formas pseudomembranosa aguda, atrófica aguda, crônica hiperplásica, atrófica crônica, glossite rombóide e queilite angular. A infecção fúngica proporciona na cavidade bucal, orofaringe e hipofaringe sintomas de ardência, o que dificulta a ingestão de alimentos, reduzindo a qualidade de vida do paciente, além de dificultar o tratamento antineoplásico. Dessa forma, tratamentos eficazes são importantes para que sejam sanadas estas intercorrências. Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de candidíase bucal diagnosticada em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço atendidos no ambulatório odontológico no período de janeiro de 2013 a junho de 2014; avaliar a terapêutica antifúngica e fatores predisponentes relacionados à candidíase bucal, em pacientes submetidos a tratamento antineoplásico; relacionar tempo de tratamento, evolução clínica da candidíase e sintomatologia; relacionar sítio anatômico da neoplasia, presença de candidíase, tempo de radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia e estágio da neoplasia. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, transversal, de análise de prontuários provenientes do Aplicativo de Gestão para Hospitais Universitários (AGHU) e arquivos do Hospital do Câncer do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Resultados: Do total de prontuários avaliados (de 83 pacientes), 48 (57,8%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de candidíase bucal. Os antifúngicos utilizados foram nistatina, fluconazol e miconazol gel oral, por até três meses. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram xerostomia (p = 0,006) e disgeusia (p = 0,031). As terapias antifúngicas foram eficazes em 95,8% dos pacientes. A quimioterapia antineoplásica teve relevância estatística (p = 0,021) no acometimento por candidíase bucal e 26,5% dos pacientes tiveram a primeira infecção fúngica com dose acumulativa de 1800 cGy de radioterapia. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes apresentou pelo menos um episódio de candidíase bucal durante o tratamento antineoplásico. O aparecimento de candidíase bucal esteve relacionado aos seguintes fatores: dose acumulada de radioterapia, hipossalivação e sítios anatômicos tumorais.Após o tratamento antifúngico a maioria dos pacientes evoluiu para a cura. Os sintomas da infecção mais relatados em prontuários foram ardência, odinofagia, trismo, xerostomia, disfagia e disgeusia. A maioria 13 dos pacientes foi acometida pela candidíase bucal em dose cumulativa de radioterapia de 1800 cGy

Effectiveness of formal auditory training in adults with auditory processing disorder

PURPOSE: to compare the performance of adults with auditory processing disorder in behavioral tests before and after formal auditory training, in order to verify the effectiveness of this approach. METHODS: this is a quantitative retrospective study for which we selected 18 individuals with auditory processing disorders evidenced by the behavioral assessment, aged between 16 and 38 years old. All subjects underwent a formal auditory training program conducted in eight sessions of 45 minutes each, twice a week. Sessions were organized in ascending order of complexity of the listening skills srech as, auditory closure, figure-ground for sentences, words, syllables and sounds and nonverbal temporal processing of sounds (analysis of the intensity, duration and frequency). For statistical purposes the results of the SSW test SSI (ICM) and Duration and frequency pattern recognitive obtained before and after auditory training, considering the ear and sex variables. RESULTS: there were no statistically significant differences between the right and left ears. Both men and women when analyzed separately showed better results in post-training. These differences were statistically significant in for duration and frequency pattern tests, for men and women. In SSW improvement in male and SSI R / S -15 females, respectively. In addition, all subjects reported better attention and better communicative performance after auditory training. CONCLUSION: the formal auditory training improves listening skills figure - ground for verbal sounds and temporal processing measured by behavioral tests in adults diagnosed with auditory processing disorders.OBJETIVO: comparar o desempenho de adultos com distúrbio do processamento auditivo em testes comportamentais pré e pós-treinamento auditivo formal, visando verificar a eficácia desse treinamento. MÉTODOS: trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo quantitativo com 18 indivíduos com distúrbio do processamento auditivo comprovado pela avaliação comportamental, idade entre 16 e 38 anos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento auditivo formal realizado em oito sessões de 45 minutos cada, duas vezes por semana, cujas sessões foram organizadas em ordem crescente de complexidade visando o treinamento das habilidades auditivas de fechamento auditivo, figura-fundo para frases, palavras, sílabas e sons não verbais e de processamento temporal dos sons (análise da intensidade, duração e frequência dos sons). Foram comparados os resultados dos testes SSW em Português, SSI (MCI) e Reconhecimento de Padrão de Duração e de Frequência obtidos no pré e pós - treinamento auditivo, envolvendo as variáveis: orelha e sexo. RESULTADOS: não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as orelhas. Tanto homens quanto mulheres quando analisados separadamente demonstraram resultados melhores no pós-treinamento. Estas diferenças foram estatisticamente significantes nos testes de padrão de duração e frequência, para homens e mulheres. No SSW melhora no sexo masculino e no SSI R/S -15 no sexo feminino, respectivamente. Além disso, todos os indivíduos relataram melhor desempenho comunicativo e de atenção no pós-treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: o treinamento auditivo formal melhora as habilidades auditivas de figura - fundo para sons verbais e de processamento temporal medidas por testes comportamentais em adultos diagnosticados com distúrbio de processamento auditivo.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) EPM Departamento de FonoaudiologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de FonoaudiologiaSciEL

Indicadores de gastos com serviços médicos no setor de saúde suplementar no Brasil : o caso Sabesprev

The aim of this paper is to present healthcare expenditures indicators of the private healthcare system in Brazil. We use administrative records of a healthcare insurance company that provide collective contracts to its employees. The indicators are classified according to the type of healthcare and age groups. Healthcare classification contemplates four types of services: doctor visits, inpatient care, exams and other types of healthcare services. We also discriminate healthcare indicators by survivorship status. The main results points out that: 1) the desegregation by survivorship status is very important to healthcare expenditures projections – the annual average healthcare expenditure to dead individuals is R$76.000,00 (seventy six thousand of reais) whereas this value is about R$2000,00 (two thousand of reais) for alive individuals: 2) on average women expend more than men along the lifecycle; 3) the expenditure ratio between the oldest and the youngest group is eight times.health insurance sector, expenditure indicators, health services

Heuristic evaluation of the usability of a mechanical ventilator Interface through a simulator

Determining the usability of mechanical ventilator interfaces is vital in ensuring correct usage under critical procedures that can place patients’ health in danger. Heuristic evaluation has been used to evaluate usability in many different areas, including medical devices. The objective of this study is to evaluate the usability of a mechanical ventilator using the heuristic evaluation method. The evaluation of a mechanical ventilator simulator (Drager's Evita V500) was performed using the Heuristic Evaluation System Checklist (HESC). Three evaluators took part in the experiment in assessing the usability through HESC. The results show that of the 292 checklist sub-heuristics included in the HESC Checklist, 127 were compliant (had no flaws), 75 were not compliant (had flaws) and 95 were not applicable. The results point out that the mechanical ventilator interfaces should be improved to avoid human error due to usability issues. The results also show that heuristic evaluation generates a large quantity of objective information, which provides an exhaustive identification of aspects that should be improved.publishe

Early detection of tomato bacterial canker by reflectance indices

Early detection of infected asymptomatic plants could prevent the dissemination of tomato bacterial canker throughout the crop and, thus, reduce associated economic losses. Reflectance spectroscopy has been proposed for the detection of diseases in plants, mainly caused by foliar fungal pathogens. In contrast, bacterial canker is a vascular disease that does not produce visible foliar symptoms until it is too late to avoid contagion to other plants. The effects of the disease on the conductivity of the xylem have an impact on the water content of the leaves; initially, a subtle effect that cannot be assessed with the naked eye but can be evaluated by reflectance spectroscopy. The objective of this work was to identify indices, based on the reflectance spectral signature of the plants, for the detection of tomato plants affected by bacterial canker prior to the appearance of symptoms. To verify that the proposed methodology is applicable to a broad range of tomato genotypes, two experiments were carried out with different tomato cultivars grown in pots and another on the ground in a greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with the pathogenic bacteria and the reflectance spectrum of the apical leaflet of two leaves per plant were obtained before symptoms expression; several spectral indices were calculated from the reflectance spectra. Three indices, of the shortwave-infrared zone, allowed the detection of bacterial canker inoculated plants in a fast and non-destructive way, up to one week before symptoms were visible: Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Simple Ratio of Water Index (SRWI) and Water Index 1 180 (WI1180). Our research demonstrates, for the first time, the usefulness of spectral indices sensitive to water content for the identification of diseased plants. These indices arise as a promising tool for the early detection of vascular plant diseases, that could be integrated into sustainable management plans.Fil: Cordon, Gabriela Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Barbara, Lucía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Cátedra de Fitopatología; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Ana María. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Cátedra de Fitopatología; Argentin

Efeito de agonistas de PPARγ na fosforilação das vias de sinalização NFκB e SAPK/JNK em cultura de macrófagos

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Farmácia, 2019.Como tratamento para a DM2, têm se utilizado as TZDs, fármacos que atuam como agonistas totais de PPARγ. Além do mecanismo clássico de ação das TZDs, estudos demonstraram que os agonistas de PPARγ podem mediar efeitos rápidos em diversos tipos celulares e que envolve uma série de eventos intracelulares. No entanto, ainda não foi explorado se estes mecanismos não-genômicos poderiam explicar os efeitos benéficos do agonista parcial, GQ-16. Estudos prévios indicaram que esse ligante apresenta efeitos sensibilizador insulínico comparáveis aos do agonista total rosiglitazona (RSG), porém sem indução de ganho de peso. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi estudar o efeito da rosiglitazona e do GQ-16 na fosforilação das vias de sinalização do NFκB e da SAPK/JNK em cultura de macrófagos na presença ou ausência de estímulo inflamatório. Para isso, linhagem de macrófagos murinos RAW 264.7 foram tratadas com veículo (DMSO 0,001%), LPS (100 ng/mL), RSG (10-5M), GQ-16 (10-5M), RSG+LPS e GQ-16+LPS. O pré-tratamento das células com agonistas de PPARγ foi de 30 minutos para depois adicionar o LPS por 15 ou 60 minutos. Posteriormente as células foram colhidas e realizado ensaio de Western Blot. O imunoensaio foi realizado com os anticorpos anti-fosfo NFκB e anti-total NFκB ou anti-fosfo SAPK/JNK e anti-total SAPK/JNK. As membranas foram reveladas por quimioluminescência e realizada a densitometria das bandas e a análise estatística dos dados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o pré-tratamento com os agonistas apenas inibiu a fosforilação do NFκB induzida pelo LPS em 15 minutos de tratamento. Foi observada apenas uma tendência do mesmo pela rosiglitazona na fosforilação da SAPK/JNK. Já no tratamento por 60 minutos com LPS, nem RSG e nem GQ-16 demonstraram inibição da fosforilação em nenhuma das vias estudadas. Portanto, conclui-se que possa existir uma relação entre os efeitos não-genômicos dos agonistas de PPARγ e os efeitos anti-inflamatórios do receptor, porém mais experimentos devem ser realizados para confirmar tal afirmação.Currently, TZDs have been used as a treatment for DM2. This drugs act as full agonists of PPARγ. In addition to the classic mechanism of action of TZDs, studies have shown that PPARγ agonists can mediate rapid effects on several cell types, that it involves a series of intracellular events. However, it has not yet been explored whether these non-genomic mechanisms could explain the beneficial effects of the partial agonist, GQ-16. Previous studies have indicated that this ligand presents insulin sensitizing effects comparable to those of full agonist rosiglitazone (RSG), but without inducing weight gain. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the effect of rosiglitazone and GQ-16 on phosphorylation of the signaling pathways of NFκB and SAPK/JNK in macrophage culture in the presence or absence of inflammatory stimulus. For this purpose, RAW 264.7 lineage of murine macrophages were treated with vehicle (DMSO 0,001%), LPS (100 ng/mL), RSG (10-5 M), GQ-16 (10-5 M), RSG+LPS e GQ-16+LPS. The pre-treatment of the cells with PPARγ agonists was for 30 minutes and then the LPS was added for 15 or 60 minutes. Subsequently the cells were collected and the Western Blot assay was performed. The immunoassay was performed with the anti-phospho NFκB and anti-total NFκB or anti-phospho SAPK/JNK and anti-total SAPK/JNK antibodies. The membranes were revealed by chemiluminescence and the densitometry of the bands and statistical analysis of the data were performed. The results obtained showed that pre-treatment with agonists only inhibited phosphorylation of NFκB induced by LPS in 15 minutes of treatment. Only one trend was observed for rosiglitazone in SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. In the 60 minute treatment with LPS, neither RSG nor GQ-16 demonstrated phosphorylation inhibition in any of the pathways. Therefore, it is concluded that there may be a relationship between the non-genomic effects of agonists from PPARγ and the anti-inflammatory effects of the receptor, but more experiments should be conducted to confirm this statement