The Notion of Public Interest in Ibero-American Constitutions

RESUMEN: Este artículo fue elaborado a partir de un estudio que se ha venido ejecutando en torno al termino interés público en las Constituciones Políticas de Colombia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay, Venezuela y España; las cuales fueron seleccionadas por su conexión continental, relación idiomática y cercanía estructural con la Constitución Política colombiana. La metodología empleada para ello fue cualitativa, con análisis y sistematización a través de descriptores así: como se utiliza, como se entiende, como se incorpora, como se indica o se define, carácter de uso otorgado a la expresión y como se enuncian sus usos. El artículo se divide en cuatro apartados: aspectos metodológicos, componente teórico, resultados y conclusiones. Como hallazgo general se puede decir que, tanto el interés público como las expresiones cercanas y complementarias (grupo definido para la clasificación), son utilizados para asignar una característica de importancia social a ciertos bienes, instituciones, actividades; o motivación en la órbita de acción del Estado. ABSTRACT: This paper was developed from a study carried out around the term public interest through a search on the Political constitutions of Colombia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela and Spain, which were chosen due to their continental connection, language relation and structural closeness to the Colombian Political Constitution. The methodology used was qualitative with analysis and systematization through descriptors such as: how it is used, how it is understood, how it is incorporated, how it is indicated or defined, what is the nature of the use that is given to the expression and how its uses are enunciated. The paper is divided in three sections: methodological aspects, theoretical component, and results and conclusions. As a general finding it can be said that both public interest and close and complementary expressions (groups defined for classification) are used to assign a characteristic to certain goods, institutions, activities or motivation in the State’s orbit of action

El Aforismo como Experiencia Estética entre el Ser y el Mundo

The metaphorical character of Aphorism acts as a symbol. Its deeper meaning is revealed in a minute and means through the interpretation in the aesthetic experience between the being and the world. This has been used so far, only in the philosophical or hermeneutic and rarely in the school setting. Seeing the need to bring this expertise to the classroom, doing work of educational research, which focuses on describing the methodological, theoretical interpretations of inferential and applied field work in the classroom. It seeks to establish how the aphorism can be an aesthetic experience understanding, interpretation and exegesis from the values and representations that each individual has built axiologically. Thus, this proposal aims for research to shed light into the symbolic language training and hermeneutic.Keywords: Aphorism, Esthetics, interpretation, individual, symbol, sensitivity.El carácter metafórico del Aforismo actúa como un símbolo. Su sentido profundo se revela en un instante, y media a través de la interpretación en la experiencia estética entre el ser y el mundo. Esta ha sido utilizada hasta el momento, solo en el ámbito filosófico o hermenéutico y pocas veces en el escenario escolar. Al ver la necesidad de llevar esta experiencia al aula, se realiza un trabajo de investigación educativa; el cual se centra en describir los aspectos metodológicos, teóricos, inferenciales y de interpretaciones del trabajo de campo aplicado al aula. Se busca establecer la forma como el Aforismo puede llevar a una experiencia estética comprensiva, interpretativa y exegética partiendo de los valores y las representaciones que cada individuo ha construido axiológicamente. Es así como esta propuesta investigativa tiene entre sus fines dar luces hacia una formación del lenguaje simbólico y hermenéuticoPalabras clave: Aforismo, Estética, interpretación, individuo, símbolo, sensibilidad

Ultrastructure and histology of organogenesis induced from shoot tips of maize (Zea mays, Poaceae)

Shoot tips of maize (Zea mays L.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l BA +1 mg/l 2,4-D +40 mg/l, to investigate phases of ontogenetic development. The study used light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electronic microscopy techniques. Shoot tips of maize are composed of small cells with a dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus. The process of organogenesis began with swelling of the shoot tip, as the first evidence of organogenic calli formation observed three weeks after culture get started. There were two morphologically different types of cells within the organogenic calli. The layer consisted of large cells with small nucleus, free-organelle cytosol, irregular plasmatic membrane, trichomelike structures, and thick cell walls. In the inner cell layer, small and isodiametric cells with a prominent nucleus, small vacuoles, endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondrias and chloroplasts were observed. The presence of trichomes in the more active morphogenic zones could indicate an organogenic potential. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 129-139. Epub 2009 November 30.Los ápices de vástagos de maíz (Zea mays L.) fueron cultivados con el medio Murashige y Skoog, utilizando como suplemento 2 mg/l BA +1 mg/l 2,4-D +40 mg/l, con el fin de investigar el proceso organogénico durante las diferentes fases del desarrollo ontogenético. El estudio utilizó tanto microscopía de luz, como técnicas de microscopía electrónica. Los análisis histológicos revelaron que los vástagos de maíz están compuestos de pequeñas células con citoplasma denso y núcleo prominente. El proceso de organogénesis inicia con el engrosamiento del ápice del vástago, como primera evidencia de la formación organogénica del calli observada tres semanas después del inicio del cultivo. El estudio ultraestructural muestra dos tipos de células morfológicamente diferentes en el calli organogénico. La capa externa consiste de células grandes con núcleo pequeño, citosol sin organelas, membrana plamática irregular, estructuras similares a tricomas y paredes celulares delgadas. Mientras que en la capa interna se observaron células pequeñas e isodiamétricas con un núcleo prominente, vacuolas pequeñas, retículo endoplasmático, Golgi, mitocondrias y cloroplastos. Observaciones de microscopía electrónica revelan la organización externa de la organogénesis del calli del maíz. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio contribuyen con la comprensión del proceso de organogénesis en los ápices de los vástagos del maíz. Este estudio mejorará nuestro conocimiento acerca de los estados anatómicos óptimos para la integración estable de genes externos. Además, provee información de las condiciones apropiadas en el cultivo in vitro para la regeneración de plantas transgénicas. Este estudio sugiere que la presencia de tricomas en las zonas morfogénicas más activas podría indicar su potencial organogénico.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Risk factors for graft loss and mortality after renal transplantation according to recipient age: a prospective multicentre study

Producción CientíficaBackground. To describe the causes of graft loss, patient death and survival figures in kidney transplant patients in Spain based on the recipient’s age. Methods. The results at 5 years of post-transplant cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, taken from a database on CVD, were prospectively analysed, i.e. a total of 2600 transplanted patients during 2000–2002 in 14 Spanish renal transplant units, most of them receiving their organ from cadaver donors. Patients were grouped according to the recipient’s age: Group A: 60 years. The most frequent immunosuppressive regimen included tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids. Results. Patients were distributed as follows: 25.85% in Group A (>40 years), 50.9% in Group B (40–60 years) and 23.19% in Group C (>60). The 5-year survival for the different age groups was 97.4, 90.8 and 77.7%, respectively. Death-censored graft survival was 88, 84.2 and 79.1%, respectively, and non death-censored graft survival was 82.1, 80.3 and 64.7%, respectively. Across all age groups, CVD and infections were the most frequent cause of death. The main causes of graft loss were chronic allograft dysfunction in patients 1 g at 6 months post-transplantation were statistically significant in the three age groups. The patient survival multivariate analysis did not achieve a statistically significant common factor in the three age groups. Conclusions. Five-year results show an excellent recipient survival and graft survival, especially in the youngest age group. Death with functioning graft is the leading cause of graft loss in patients >40 years. Early improvement of renal function and proteinuria together with strict control of cardiovascular risk factors are mandatory

Renal transplantation in the modern immunosuppressive era in Spain: four-year results from a multicenter database focus on post-transplant cardiovascular disease

Producción CientíficaTo evaluate cardiovascular disease (CVD) after renal transplantation we established a CVD database (no-intervention) including all patients transplanted among 2000–2002 in 14 hospitals from Spain (Renal Forum Group) (n¼2600). They were prospective followed annually thereafter and we present herein the most important results concerning survival figures and CVD at four years. Mean recipient age was 49.7±13.7 years: 16% retransplanted and 12.5% hyperimmunized. Tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids was used in 63%. Acute rejection (AR) rate at 1 year was 14.8%. Graft and patient survival at 48 months were 85.6% (death censored) and 91.7% respectively. The first cause of graft loss was vascular in the first year, death with function during the 2–3 years, and chronic allograft nephropathy at the 4th year. Donor age, time on dialysis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), AR, SCr at 6 months, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers in the first year, and systolic blood pressure at 24 months were independent risk factors for graft loss at 4th year. The first cause of death was CVD (predominantly ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the first year). Recipient age, ATN, and SCr at 6 months were independent predictors of mortality. Despite worsening of donor age, comorbidity, and advanced age of recipients, survival figures at four years are considered good in our Spanish non-selected population. Cardiovascular mortality is the most important cause of death and graft loss particularly, IHD in the first year. Therefore, to decrease post-transplant mortality a careful cardiovascular evaluation and treatment in the waiting list and a close follow-up of patients after transplantation is mandatory

Huellas y devenir contable : construyendo las rutas del pensamiento contable

RESUMEN: El libro "Huellas y devenir contable", tiene como objetivo desarrollar una aproximación al estado del arte en las líneas de investigación del Grupo GICCO del Departamento de Ciencias Contables de la Universidad de Antioquia. Este texto expone los avances más notable en las diferentes líneas de investigación integradas desde tres ejes problémicos: Análisis contable (con sus líneas de investigación: costos y gestión, contabilidad y recursos públicos, análisis de procesos tributarios y contabilidad y finanzas), Desarrollo contable (que contiene las líneas de investigación: teoría contable, caracterización internacional de la contabilidad, educación contable, tecnología contable y desarrollo contable normativo) y control organizacional (contiene las líneas de investigación: control interno, procesos de auditoría y revisoría fiscal). La aproximación a las líneas de investigación se constituyen en un proceso que culmina con la construcción de los estados del arte, trabajo desarrollado por profesores y estudiantes integrantes de los grupos primarios de investigación; la aproximación a los ejes problémicos es un proceso de abstracción a partir de las líneas, trabajo desarrollado por el grupo integrador.Líneas de investigación contabl

Impaired IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-gamma underlies mycobacterial disease in patients with inherited TYK2 deficiency

Human cells homozygous for rare loss-of-expression (LOE) TYK2 alleles have impaired, but not abolished, cellular responses to IFN-alpha/beta (underlying viral diseases in the patients) and to IL-12 and IL-23 (underlying mycobacterial diseases). Cells homozygous for the common P1104A TYK2 allele have selectively impaired responses to IL-23 (underlying isolated mycobacterial disease). We report three new forms of TYK2 deficiency in six patients from five families homozygous for rare TYK2 alleles (R864C, G996R, G634E, or G1010D) or compound heterozygous for P1104A and a rare allele (A928V). All these missense alleles encode detectable proteins. The R864C and G1010D alleles are hypomorphic and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively, across signaling pathways. By contrast, hypomorphic G996R, G634E, and A928V mutations selectively impair responses to IL-23, like P1104A. Impairment of the IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-gamma is the only mechanism of mycobacterial disease common to patients with complete TYK2 deficiency with or without TYK2 expression, partial TYK2 deficiency across signaling pathways, or rare or common partial TYK2 deficiency specific for IL-23 signaling.ANRS Nord-Sud ; CIBSS ; CODI ; Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación ; Fulbright Future Scholarshi

Inherited Human ITK Deficiency Impairs IFN-γ Immunity and Underlies Tuberculosis

Inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity can underlie tuberculosis (TB). We report three patients from two kindreds without EBV viremia or disease but with severe TB and inherited complete ITK deficiency, a condition associated with severe EBV disease that renders immunological studies challenging. They have CD4+ αβ T lymphocytopenia with a concomitant expansion of CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) αβ and Vδ2- γδ T lymphocytes, both displaying a unique CD38+CD45RA+T-bet+EOMES- phenotype. Itk-deficient mice recapitulated an expansion of the γδ T and DN αβ T lymphocyte populations in the thymus and spleen, respectively. Moreover, the patients\u27 T lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ in response to TCR crosslinking, mitogens, or forced synapse formation with autologous B lymphocytes. Finally, the patients\u27 total lymphocytes secrete small amounts of IFN-γ, and CD4+, CD8+, DN αβ T, Vδ2+ γδ T, and MAIT cells display impaired IFN-γ production in response to BCG. Inherited ITK deficiency undermines the development and function of various IFN-γ-producing T cell subsets, thereby underlying TB

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with critical influenza pneumonia

In an international cohort of 279 patients with hypoxemic influenza pneumonia, we identified 13 patients (4.6%) with autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha and/or -omega, which were previously reported to underlie 15% cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia and one third of severe adverse reactions to live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) can underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine disease. We report here on 13 patients harboring autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 alone (five patients) or with IFN-omega (eight patients) from a cohort of 279 patients (4.7%) aged 6-73 yr with critical influenza pneumonia. Nine and four patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-alpha 2, and six and two patients had antibodies neutralizing high and low concentrations, respectively, of IFN-omega. The patients' autoantibodies increased influenza A virus replication in both A549 cells and reconstituted human airway epithelia. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher than that in the general population for patients 70 yr of age (3.1 vs. 4.4%, P = 0.68). The risk of critical influenza was highest in patients with antibodies neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-alpha 2 and IFN-omega (OR = 11.7, P = 1.3 x 10(-5)), especially those <70 yr old (OR = 139.9, P = 3.1 x 10(-10)). We also identified 10 patients in additional influenza patient cohorts. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs account for similar to 5% of cases of life-threatening influenza pneumonia in patients <70 yr old