Types of information systems and technologies of a company

Nowadays in the age of global economy, information becomes a key resource of management and can be determined as a key competitive advantage of a company. For most businesses, there is a variety of requirements for information. The paper presents types of information systems and technologies in the effective administrative decisionmaking that promotes increase of a company's competitiveness. The emphasis is placed on types of information systems at different levels of management and their functional mission from the point of view of administrative decisions made at a particular level of management. Various researchers have given classifications of information systems and technologies, but their classifications have no integrity. The author proposes a generalized classification of information systems and technologies, based on different studies, theories, methodologies.В настоящее время в эпоху глобальной экономики, информация становится ключевым ресурсом управления и может быть определена в качестве ключевого конкурентного преимущества компании. Для большинства предприятий, существует множество требований к информации. В статье представлены виды информационных систем и технологий в эффективном принятии административных решений, что способствует повышению конкурентоспособности компании. Акцент делается на виды информационных систем на различных уровнях управления и их функциональном предназначении с точки зрения управленческих решений, в зависимости от уровня управления. Классификация информационных систем и технологий является предметом многих исследований, но обобщенной классификации пока не было представлено. Автор предлагает обобщенную классификацию информационных систем и технологий, основанную на различных исследованиях, теориях, методиках

Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Acinetobacter Strains From Milk Powder Produced in Germany

Forty-seven Acinetobacter spp. isolates from milk powder obtained from a powdered milk producer in Germany were investigated for their antibiotic resistance susceptibilities, in order to assess whether strains from food harbor multiple antibiotic resistances and whether the food route is important for dissemination of resistance genes. The strains were identified by 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing, as well as by whole genome sequencing of selected isolates and their in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH). Furthermore, they were genotyped by rep-PCR together with reference strains of pan-European groups I, II, and III strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Of the 47 strains, 42 were identified as A. baumannii, 4 as Acinetobacter Pittii, and 1 as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In silico DDH with the genome sequence data of selected strains and rpoB gene sequencing data suggested that the five non-A. baumannii strains all belonged to A. pittii, suggesting that the rpoB gene is more reliable than the 16S rRNA gene for species level identification in this genus. Rep-PCR genotyping of the A. baumannii strains showed that these could be grouped into four groups, and that some strains clustered together with reference strains of pan-European clinical group II and III strains. All strains in this study were intrinsically resistant toward chloramphenicol and oxacillin, but susceptible toward tetracycline, tobramycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. For cefotaxime, 43 strains (91.5%) were intermediate and 3 strains (6.4%) resistant, while 3 (6.4%) and 21 (44.7%) strains exhibited resistance to cefepime and streptomycin, respectively. Forty-six (97.9%) strains were susceptible to amikacin and ampicillin-sulbactam. Therefore, the strains in this study were generally not resistant to the clinically relevant antibiotics, especially tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, and meropenem, suggesting that the food route probably poses only a low risk for multidrug resistant Acinetobacter strains or resistance genes