3,846 research outputs found
The Health and Well-Being of Young Children of Immigrants
Provides an overview of immigration trends and their effects on the composition of the young child population. Looks at poverty, family structure, parental work patterns, immigrant parents' education, health status, and health insurance coverage
The Colorado Supreme Court\u27s Developing Defamation Guidelines: Colorado Enters the Quagmire
Field-Based Assessment of the Role of Porcine Cytomegalovirus in Respiratory Disease of Nursery Pigs
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is an ubiquitous infectious agent in swine population throughout the world. Field and some experimental observations have suggested that PCMV plays an important role in causing or enhancing respiratory and/or reproductive disease of swine. However, no actual measure of this has been documented. As the first step in assessing the economic significance of PCMV infection for swine herds in the United States, a field-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of the virus in respiratory disease of young swine. The data in this study, thus far, suggest that there may be an association between PCMV infection and increased risk of respiratory disease development in nursery pig populations and that, as was expected, PCMV infection is a common finding among nursery pigs. In an era in which multifactorial respiratory disease and associated decrease in production efficiency is such a large concern, it may be prudent to consider PCMV when developing and implementing strategies for production management and pig flow
Management of Transhepatic Cholangioscopy: A Case Series
Presented at the 2022 Virtual Northwest Medical Research Symposiu
Magnetocentrifugal Winds in 3D: Nonaxisymmetric Steady State
Outflows can be loaded and accelerated to high speeds along rapidly rotating,
open magnetic field lines by centrifugal forces. Whether such
magnetocentrifugally driven winds are stable is a longstanding theoretical
problem. As a step towards addressing this problem, we perform the first
large-scale 3D MHD simulations that extend to a distance times
beyond the launching region, starting from steady 2D (axisymmetric) solutions.
In an attempt to drive the wind unstable, we increase the mass loading on one
half of the launching surface by a factor of , and reduce it by the
same factor on the other half. The evolution of the perturbed wind is followed
numerically. We find no evidence for any rapidly growing instability that could
disrupt the wind during the launching and initial phase of propagation, even
when the magnetic field of the magnetocentrifugal wind is toroidally dominated
all the way to the launching surface. The strongly perturbed wind settles into
a new steady state, with a highly asymmetric mass distribution. The
distribution of magnetic field strength is, in contrast, much more symmetric.
We discuss possible reasons for the apparent stability, including stabilization
by an axial poloidal magnetic field, which is required to bend field lines away
from the vertical direction and produce a magnetocentrifugal wind in the first
place.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Expression of neurogenin3 reveals an islet cell precursor population in the pancreas
Differentiation of early gut endoderm cells into the endocrine cells forming the pancreatic islets of Langerhans depends on a cascade of gene activation events controlled by transcription factors including the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. To delineate this cascade, we began by establishing the position of neurogenin3, a bHLH factor found in the pancreas during fetal development. We detect neurogenin3 immunoreactivity transiently in scattered ductal cells in the fetal mouse pancreas, peaking at embryonic day 15.5. Although not detected in cells expressing islet hormones or the islet transcription factors Isl1, Brn4, Pax6 or PDX1, neurogenin3 is detected along with early islet differentiation factors Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2, establishing that it is expressed in immature cells in the islet lineage. Analysis of transcription factor-deficient mice demonstrates that neurogenin3 expression is not dependent on neuroD1/BETA2, Mash1, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.1, or Pax6. Furthermore, early expression of neurogenin3 under control of the Pdx1 promoter is alone sufficient to drive early and ectopic differentiation of islet cells, a capability shared by the pancreatic bHLH factor, neuroD1/BETA2, but not by the muscle bHLH factor, MyoD. However, the islet cells produced in these transgenic experiments are overwhelmingly Ī± cells, suggesting that factors other than the bHLH factors are required to deviate from a default Ī± cell fate. These data support a model in which neurogenin3 acts upstream of other islet differentiation factors, initiating the differentiation of endocrine cells, but switching off prior to final differentiation. The ability to uniquely identify islet cell precursors by neurogenin3 expression allows us to determine the position of other islet transcription factors in the differentiation cascade and to propose a map for the islet cell differentiation pathway
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Elucidating the Nature and Mechanism of Tic Improvement in Tourette Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Background: For unclear reasons, many Tourette syndrome (TS) children report nearācomplete tic remission by young adulthood. Immature maturation of brain networks, observed with restingāstate functional MRI (rsāfcāMRI) in adolescents and adults with TS, might evolve to a mature pattern in adults who experience tic improvement or remission. We explored the feasibility of testing this hypothesis in our population of young adult TS males, each with prior clinical assessments completed during childhood as part of a separate TS Association Genetics Consortium study.
Methods: A total of 10 TS males (off tic suppressing drugs for at least 6 months) aged 19ā32 years, mean followāup interval 7.5 (2 to 13) years, and 11 neurologically normal controls were enrolled and underwent 3āTesla structural and rsāfcāMRI sequences.
Results: The mean change in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) was ā31.5% (total) and ā26.6% (YGTSS motor+vocal). Two subjects reported resolution of ticārelated disability, with drops from mean 45 to 16.5 (YGTSSātotal) and 25 to 11.5 (YGTSS motor+vocal.). RsāfcāMRI revealed significantly increased connectivity between the ipsilateral anterior and mid cingulate cortex and striatum, increased connectivity between local connections, and decreased connectivity between more distant connections; representing an immature connectivity pattern.
Discussion: Similar to previous reports, we found immature patterns of functional connectivity in adult TS subjects. Despite a lack of complete tic remission, two subjects exhibited dramatic drops in tic severity that correlated with ticārelated disability improvement. More work is needed to elucidate the mechanism of such dramatic improvement in TS
Local brain connectivity and associations with gender and age
ABSTRACTRegional homogeneity measures synchrony of resting-state brain activity in neighboring voxels, or local connectivity. The effects of age and gender on local connectivity in healthy subjects are unknown. We performed regional homogeneity analyses on resting state BOLD time series data acquired from 58 normal, healthy participants, ranging in age from 11 to 35 (mean 18.1Ā±5.0 years, 32 males). Regional homogeneity was found to be highest for gray matter, with brain regions within the default mode network having the highest local connectivity values. There was a general decrease in regional homogeneity with age with the greatest reduction seen in the anterior cingulate and temporal lobe. Greater female local connectivity in the right hippocampus and amygdala was also noted, regardless of age. These findings suggest that local connectivity at the millimeter scale decreases during development as longer connections are formed, and underscores the importance of examining gender differences in imaging studies of healthy and clinical populations
New opportunities and untapped scientific potential in the abyssal ocean
Ā© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marlow, J., Anderson, R., Reysenbach, A.-L., Seewald, J., Shank, T., Teske, A., Wanless, V., & Soule, S. New opportunities and untapped scientific potential in the abyssal ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2022): 798943, https://doi.org/10.3389./fmars.2021.798943The abyssal ocean covers more than half of the Earthās surface, yet remains understudied and underappreciated. In this Perspectives article, we mark the occasion of the Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvinās increased depth range (from 4500 to 6500 m) to highlight the scientific potential of the abyssal seafloor. From a geologic perspective, ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, Petit Spot volcanism, transform faults, and subduction zones put the full life cycle of oceanic crust on display in the abyss, revealing constructive and destructive forces over wide ranges in time and space. Geochemically, the abyssal pressure regime influences the solubility of constituents such as silica and carbonate, and extremely high-temperature fluid-rock reactions in the shallow subsurface lead to distinctive and potentially unique geochemical profiles. Microbial residents range from low-abundance, low-energy communities on the abyssal plains to fast growing thermophiles at hydrothermal vents. Given its spatial extent and position as an intermediate zone between coastal and deep hadal settings, the abyss represents a lynchpin in global-scale processes such as nutrient and energy flux, population structure, and biogeographic diversity. Taken together, the abyssal ocean contributes critical ecosystem services while facing acute and diffuse anthropogenic threats from deep-sea mining, pollution, and climate change.We would like to thank the National Science Foundation for their support through grants NSF 2009117 and 2129431 to SAS
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