The Potential Use of Herbal Fingerprints by Means of HPLC and TLC for Characterization and Identification of Herbal Extracts and the Distinction of Latvian Native Medicinal Plants

Funding Information: Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No 857287. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The growing market of herbal medicines, the increase in international trade in Latvia, and the lack of adequate analytical methods have raised the question of the potential use of herbal fingerprinting methods. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were developed for obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of four taxonomically and evolutionary different medicinal plants ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L.). Retention time shifting, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis were used to improve and analyze the obtained fingerprints. HPLC data detection at 270 nm was determined superior to 360 nm for the distinction of medicinal plants and used data alignment method significantly increased similarity between samples. Analyzed medicinal plant extracts formed separate, compact clusters in PCA, and the results of HCA correlated with the evolutionary relationships of the analyzed medicinal plants. Herbal fingerprinting using chromatographic analysis coupled with multivariate analysis has a great potential for the identification of medicinal plants as well as for the distinction of Latvian native medicinal plants.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Antibacterial Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. Extracts against Clinical Isolates of Bovine Mastitis

Funding Information: This research was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No 857287 and this research is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Support Service Republic of Latvia with the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development—Development of herbal plant containing medical extracts with anti-parasitic effect No 18-00-A01620-000028. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.A bovine mastitis is an infectious disease, which is usually treated with antibiotics. Alternatively, herbal medicine has been proposed due to bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the acetonic and ethanolic extracts of dried flowers and leaves of Tanacetum vulgare L. against bovine mastitis-inducing clinical isolates such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Serratia liquefaciens, Staphylococcus aureus, and reference cultures of S. aureus and E. coli. The extracts of T. vulgare showed partial antibacterial activity against tested strains of S. aureus. The MIC and MBC values of a 70% ethanol extract of flowers (MIC = 3.4 mg/mL, MBC = 3.4–6.8 mg/mL) were lower than for the 70% ethanol extract of leaves (MIC = 15.7–31.4 mg/mL, MBC = 62.9–125.9 mg/mL). The flower extracts showed low activity against E. coli (MIC = 53.9 mg/mL, MBC = 53.9–107.8 mg/mL) and S. agalactiae (MIC, MBC = 53.9 mg/mL). T. vulgare leaf extracts had minimal antibacterial effects against Streptococcus strains (MIC = 31.4–62.9 mg/mL, MBC = 53.9–125.9 mg/mL) and Serratia liquefaciens (MIC, MBC = 125.9 mg/mL). However, flower extracts had a higher phenolic content that did not correlate with antibacterial effects. T. vulgare flower and leaf extracts could be combined to obtain broader antibacterial effects.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. Wild-Growing in Latvia

Funding Information: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 857287 and European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development—development of the medication form from the extract of the leaves of the Latvian traditional medicinal plant tansy and its impact on the sheep digestive tract microbiome and antiparasitic control (22-00-A01612-000007). The project is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Support Service Republic of Latvia, project no: 22-00-A01612-000007. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.The Tanacetum vulgare L. (Tansy) has several ethnobotanical uses, mostly related to the essential oil and sesquiterpene lactones, whereas information regarding other compounds is scarce. This research is designed to characterize the phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins) to analyze the thujone (which is toxic in high concentrations) content and to detect the antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) of extracts. The main highlights of our work provide a chemical profile of phenolic compounds of T. vulgare harvested from different regions of Latvia, as well as simultaneously support the ethnomedicinal uses for wild T. vulgare through the integration of phenolic compounds as one of the value constituents of leaves and flowers. The extraction yield was 18 to 20% for leaves and 8 to 16% for flowers. The total phenol content in the extracts of T. vulgare as well as their antioxidant activity was different between collection regions and the aerial parts ranging from 134 to 218 mg GAE/g and 32 to 182 mg L−1, respectively. A remarkable variation in the thujone (α + β) content (0.4% up to 6%) was detected in the extracts. T. vulgare leaf extracts were rich in tannins (up to 19%). According to the parameters detected, the extracts of T. vulgare could be considered promising for the development of new herbal products.publishersversionPeer reviewe

The potential use of herbal fingerprints by means of HPLC and TLC for characterization and identification of herbal extracts.

FarmācijaVeselības aprūpePharmacyHealth CareNo ārstniecības augiem iegūtas zāles un uztura bagātinātāji 21.gadsimtā gūst arvien lielāku popularitāti gan Latvijā, gan pasaulē. Palielinoties šo produktu tirgum, ir aktualizējusies problēma par analītiskām metodēm, kas var tikt izmantotas, lai noteiktu šo produktu drošību, kvalitāti un identitāti. Ārstniecības augi satur simtiem dažādu ķīmisko savienojumu, un to ķīmisko sastāvu var ietekmēt dažādi faktori, piemēram, augšanas un uzglabāšanas apstākļi, apstrādes metodes un citi. Ārstniecības augu “pirkstu nospiedumu” metode var tikt lietota, lai iegūtu visaptverošu ķīmiskā sastāva raksturošanu. Šī pētījuma mērķis bija noskaidrot “pirkstu nospiedumu” metodes ieguvumus, problēmas un iespējamo praktisko pielietojumu ārstniecības augu ekstraktu raksturošanai un identificēšanai. Izmantojot PhyloT v2 programmatūru, 16 ārstniecības augiem tika izveidots filoģenētisks koks. Balstoties uz ārstniecības augu evolucionāro radniecību un ārstniecības auga sastopamību Latvijā, tika savākti 25 komerciāli tēju paraugi no 4 dažādiem ārstniecības augiem: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L. No katra tēju parauga tika sagatavoti 3 etanola ekstrakti. Pētāmo augu pirkstu nospiedumi tika iegūti izmantojot augstas izšķirtspējas šķidruma hromatogrāfiju un plānslāņa hromatogrāfiju. Datu apstrāde, daudzfaktoru un līdzības analīze tika veikta, izmantojot SpectraGryph 1.2.14, SIMCA 14 un Origin 10 programmatūru. Katram analizētajam ārstniecības augam tika iegūti atšķirīgi un skaidri hromatogrāfiski “pirkstu nospiedumi”. Daudzfaktoru analīzē katrs ārstniecības augs veidoja kompaktu, nodalītu klasteri, kā arī tika novērota korelācija starp ķīmisko sastāvu un evolucionāro radniecību. Plānslāņa hromatogrāfija var tikt izmantota kā sākotnējs skrīninga rīks, kam seko citas metodes. Ārstniecības augu “pirkstu nospiedumu” metode dod daudzsološus rezultātus, un tā var tikt izmantota ārstniecības augu ekstraktu identificēšanai un raksturošanai. Lai iegūtu vēl padziļinātāku izpratni par ārstniecības augu ekstraktu ķīmisko sastāvu, nākotnē būtu jāveic papildus pētījumi ar citām hromatogrāfijas metodēm.Herbal medicine has made a comeback in the 21st century with a broad spectrum of new products, and the safety, quality and identification of these products have become an important issue. Medicinal plants have a very complex composition with hundreds of chemical components, which can be affected by growth conditions, storage, processing methods and other factors. For a comprehensive characterization of herbal materials, a fingerprinting method can be used. The aim of this study was to determine the advantages, disadvantages and practical utility of herbal fingerprinting by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) in conjunction with chemometrics for characterization and identification of herbal extracts. A phylogenetic tree of 16 medicinal plants was generated using PhyloT v2 software. Based on evolutionary relationships and whether or whether not the medicinal plant is native to Latvia a total of 25 commercial tea samples from 4 different medicinal plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L.) were collected, 3 ethanol extracts from each tea sample were made. To establish the chromatographic fingerprints HPLC-UV and TLC were used. Data processing, multivariate and similarity analysis was performed on SpectraGryph 1.2.14, SIMCA 14 and Origin 10 software. Data shows distinctive chromatographic patterns with great similarity for each inspected medicinal plant. In multivariate analysis, these medicinal plants form separate, compact clusters, and the chemical composition correlates with their evolutionary relationships. TLC should be used as an initial screening tool that is followed by other methods for more precise results. Herbal fingerprinting by means of HPLC and TLC in conjunction with chemometrics shows promising results for the identification and characterization of herbal extracts. Future research should be conducted with other chromatographic methods for a more comprehensive analysis of herbal extracts

From Polymeric Nanoformulations to Polyphenols—Strategies for Enhancing the Efficacy and Drug Delivery of Gentamicin

Gentamicin is an essential broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in over 40 clinical conditions and has shown activity against a wide range of nosocomial, biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the low cellular penetration and serious side effects of gentamicin, as well as the fear of the development of antibacterial resistance, has led to a search for ways to circumvent these obstacles. This review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and offers six different strategies (the isolation of specific types of gentamicin, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles, hydrophobization of the gentamicin molecule, and combinations of gentamicin with other antibiotics, polyphenols, and natural products) that aim to enhance the drug delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin. In addition, factors influencing the synthesis of gentamicin-loaded polymeric (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan) nanoparticles and the methods used in drug release studies are discussed. Potential research directions and future perspectives for gentamicin-loaded drug delivery systems are given