The creation of the League of Nations

This paper deals with the international context in which it was created the League of Nations and the approaches and actions achieved with the view of creating this organization. In order to reach this objective, I will analyze briefly the consequences imposed by the end of the First World War, the role played by the American president Woodrow Wilson in the promotion of the organization, the significance of peace treaties, especially of the signed at Paris-Versailles, in which it was included the Pact of the League of Nations. It has not be forgotten from our analysis a factor of major importance, namely the non-ratification by the Senate of United States of the Covenant of the League of Nations, fact that lead to the non-participation of United States to the newly created organization

Book review: Antonio Faur, Implicarea diplomatului roman dr. Mihai Marina in actiunile de salvare a evreilor din Transilvania de Nord si Ungaria (1944) (The involvment of the Romanian diplomat Dr. Mihai Marina in the actions of salvations of the Jews from Northern Transylvania and Hungary (1944))

In his publications concerning the fate of the Jews from North-Western Transylvania under Hungarian occupation during the years 1940-1944, Antonio Faur tried to defend the idea that, although the faith of the Jews in this region was tragic, their majority being deported to concentration camps in Germany and Poland, there was always a benevolent category of Romanians who protected the Jews from Transylvania and helped a few of them to escape in Romania where the regime was not leading towards their annihilation. Sometimes, even the authorities were involved in giving the Jews a helping hand to escape, and this was the story of Mihai Marina, the Romanian consul to Oradea

The image of the Jews in the Romanian collective mentality and their past and present situation in Romania

The Jews of Romania were a particular ethnic group which, during history, had to bear a lot of discriminations. In modern epoch they could attend schools only by paying substantial fees, very few of them had the Romanian citizenship until 1918 and they could not be active in all professions. The interwar period meant for the Jews the time when they had the most rights in Romania, while, during the war, the anti-Jewish laws, forced labour, deportations in Transnistria were established, and the Jews from North-West Transylvania were sent by Hungarian authorities in German concentration camps. Romanians often displayed feelings of hostility towards the Jews, mostly in periods when the situation of their country was precarious. This paper will also present a few negative features used by Romanians in order to define the Jews. Last, but not least, the author wanted to show how the Holocaust was regarded by historians and politicians. And here, I noticed that in communist times, when the political elites had the intention to assimilate the Jews, it was considered that during the Holocaust several democratic groups were persecuted or, later, the responsability for Holocaust was put only on Germans. During post-1989 period, integral or partial negation of Holocaust, or its trivialization by comparison, continued to exist

Book review of Antonio Faur, Un deceniu din existenta evreilor bihoreni (1942-1952): contributii istoriografice si documentare (A decade from the existence of the Jews from Bihor County: historiographical and documentary contributions)

The book brings in the scientific world new unpublished data about the condition of the Jews from Oradea during the times of Holocaust and its aftermath. At the beginning of the book, the author makes the overall portrait of the Jewry of Romania after the Holocaust, consulting in this sense historical sources from the local Archives from Oradea, remarquing that although antisemite feelings continued to exist, the majority of Romanian population was not antisemite. The book describes many cases when the Romanian nationals saved the Jews from deportation

The image of the Jews in the pages of "Revista 22": from national to European perspective

The aim of this article is to find in the pages of the national magazine Revista 22, reflections of the minority issue - in this case the targeted subject being the condition of Jewish minority of Romania in the country or emigrated abroad (as for instance Israel). The article brings into discussion also reflections of Jews in Europe. The method of work is the critical interpretations of articles combined with a descriptive analysis of their content. Our conclusion leads to the fact that there is a small, active community of Jews in Romania represented at the political level as a minority community, pursuing specific interests who cherishes the memory of Holocaust and wants to say the truth about it, having important ties and connections with the Romanian Jews from Israel and being directly interested in maintaining Jewish interests in Israel. At European level, the problems, existing with the inner states minorities, are amplified by waves of migrations coming from Asia. The conclusion is that the Revista 22 brings a lot of information about the Jewish minority from Romania, resolving the historical issue of saying the truth about the Holocaust, but, as a recommendation, I suggest to bring more fresh news and periodically about Israel, as a vivid center of religions, that concerns European Union and its citizens

Aspects from the life of Romanian and Hungarian Jews during the years 1945-1953

The Jews of Romania and Hungary who returned home from the Holocaust faced a series of difficulties amongst which we single out: to resume property of their houses and goods; a poor state of health after the deportation; the vast majority of them were in no shape to make a living. They oscillated between integration in the societies created by the communists, and immigration to Israel whenever the communist regimes from these two countries were more permissive. They were rather victims of the communist regimes, their expectations were not met in the communist states and the ones who managed to get out had lost all their assets, apartments, and jobs when they applied for emigration

New data on the history of Jews from Romania

The present paper brings new information about the situation of Jews of Romania in the time of Holocaust and its aftermath (the years of transition to communism and the first years after the setting of communism). It appears that the Jews from Transnistria were deprived by their fundamental rights under the leadership of Ion Antonescu and many of them were killed in their interraction with Romanian military forces. After the war, the surviving Jews have the right to adjust to the communist regime, and to integrate in the communist state, but they have to close their organizations and the ties with Israel were considered as dangerous, although they continued to dream and search ways for emigration

The situation of the Jews in Soviet Union and its satellite countries after the Second World War

The present study tries to show that, during the last years of the rule of Stalin, the Jews from Soviet Union and its satellite countries were even victims of the communist regime. Initially, during the German persecution and after the war a part of them found a refuge in the ranks of communist party which they saw as the single force capable to oppose to Hitler and later to racism and xenophobia. They were terrified by the horrors of Holocaust and looked for security by joining communism. But they were affected by Stalin’s hostile behavior towards the Jews in the last years of his life. It is important to state that the majority of Jews were not communist and that their property was reduced according to nationalization laws and Jewish aristocracy and intellectuals fell victims of communist regimes from Eastern and Central European countries

A few historiographical considerations with regard to the condition of Jews from Hungary and Romania in front of communism

The Jews of Romania and Hungary had to bear a lot of difficulties after the setting of communist regimes. This paper intends to present the Jewish minority rather as a victim of communism than a beneficiary. The communism was not favorable for their community and religious life, some Jewish elites were imprisoned and, also, the Zionist leaders. The memories presented here come up with a reference of victims of the totalitarism. A view of ensemble of the Jewish minority in Romania and Hungary in the first years of communism is also drawn by this paper, based on the contemporary valuable historical writings