A Study of Incidence and Indications of Primary Cesarean Section in Multiparus Women with Outcome of Pregnancy

INTRODUCTION: Laparotomy and hysterotomy incision through surgery to deliver the fetus is called Cesarean section. In modern days, higher complications in normal vaginal delivery is the major reason for choice of c section in India whereas this was already followed by US since decades. Healthy survival was possible for women in ancient days post normal delivery as they performed heavy physical work. However, modern women have less physical ability for normal vaginal delivery because of the low strength and fear of issues after a normal vaginal delivery. Today’s women being literate and aware of the difficulties like Postpartum infections which includes uterine, bladder, or kidney infections, excessive bleeding after delivery, pain in the perineal area (between the vagina and the rectum), Vaginal discharge, swollen breasts, clogged ducts, Stretch marks and also the vital reasons are Hemorrhoids and constipation along with Urinary or fecal (stool) incontinence, Hair loss, Postpartum depression, Discomfort during sex and difficulty regaining the pre-pregnancy shape becomes crucial factor to decide for C section over normal vaginal delivery. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To study the incidence of primary cesarean in multiparous women. 2. To study the indications of primary cesarean in multiparous women. 3. To study the maternal and fetal outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is ananalytical cross-sectional research conducted from April 2019 to October 2019. For the purpose of analysis and research, I have taken the data of 100 primary cesarean sections in multipara happened in RSRM Lying-in hospital affiliated to Stanley Hospital, Chennai. The cases are women undergoing cesarean section for the first time whereas the prior child birth are only through normal vaginal delivery. RESULTS: Most cases comprise of age group 26 – 30 which amounts to 41% out of which 97% were booked cases and rest 3% are unbooked. Frequent signs of cesarean section in multiparous women is performed due to Fetal distress - 28%, Breech in labour - 14% and Transverse lie in labour – 13% of the total cases analyzed. No maternal mortality is taken into account. Anemia – 7and wound infections – 3 were the highest post-operative complications discovered among the18% of patients and no complications in 82% of the cases. Fetal distress is the common factor for NICU admission with 26 cases and 14 infants were kept in observation out of 100. Total Perinatal morbidity was 61% which contains Mal presentation at the highest rate of 27%. Neonatal morbidity was 26% in the study done. CONCLUSION: Fetal distress,Breech in Labour and Transverse lie in labour were the main reason of cesarean section in multiparous women

Retinal Phenotyping of Ferrochelatase Mutant Mice Reveals Protoporphyrin Accumulation and Reduced Neovascular Response

Purpose: Heme depletion, through inhibition of ferrochelatase (FECH), blocks retinal and choroidal neovascularization. Both pharmacologic FECH inhibition and a partial loss-of-function Fech mutation (Fechm1Pas) are associated with decreased neovascularization. However, the ocular physiology of Fechm1Pas mice under basal conditions has not been characterized. Here, we aimed to characterize the retinal phenotype of Fechm1Pas mice. Methods: We monitored retinal vasculature at postnatal day 17, 2 months, and 6 months in Fechm1Pas homozygotes, heterozygotes, and their wild-type littermates. We characterized Fech substrate protoporphyrin (PPIX) fluorescence in the eye (excitation = 403 nm, emission = 628 nm), retinal function by electroretinogram, visual acuity by optomotor reflex, and retinal morphology by optical coherence tomography and histology. We stained vasculature using isolectin B4 and fluorescein angiography. We determined endothelial sprouting of retinal and choroidal tissue ex vivo and bioenergetics of retinal punches using a Seahorse flux analyzer. Results: Fundi, retinal vasculature, venous width, and arterial tortuosity showed no aberrations. However, VEGF-induced retinal and choroidal sprouting was decreased in Fechm1Pas mutants. Homozygous Fechm1Pas mice had pronounced buildup of PPIX in the posterior eye with no damage to visual function, bioenergetics, and integrity of retinal layers. Conclusions: Even with a buildup of PPIX in the retinal vessels in Fechm1Pas homozygotes, the vasculature remains normal. Notably, stimulus-induced ex vivo angiogenesis was decreased in Fechm1Pas mutants, consistent with reduced pathologic angiogenesis seen previously in neovascular animal models. Our findings indicate that Fechm1Pas mice are a useful model for studying the effects of heme deficiency on neovascularization due to Fech blockade

Deep learning based Tamil Parts of Speech (POS) tagger

This paper addresses the problem of part of speech (POS) tagging for the Tamil language, which is low resourced and agglutinative. POS tagging is the process of assigning syntactic categories for the words in a sentence. This is the preliminary step for many of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. For this work, various sequential deep learning models such as recurrent neural network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) were used at the word level. For evaluating the model, the performance metrics such as precision, recall, F1-score and accuracy were used. Further, a tag set of 32 tags and 225 000 tagged Tamil words was utilized for training. To find the appropriate hidden state, the hidden states were varied as 4, 16, 32 and 64, and the models were trained. The experiments indicated that the increase in hidden state improves the performance of the model. Among all the combinations, Bi-LSTM with 64 hidden states displayed the best accuracy (94%). For Tamil POS tagging, this is the initial attempt to be carried out using a deep learning model

HPTLC Analysis of Tephorisa pulicherrima (Baker) Gamble Ethanol Extract of Root

Tephrosia pulcherrima commonly known as “Kalakkozhuppa,” is well known for its therapeutic properties in the Indian traditional medicinal system. The presence of important bioactive compounds in plants makes them pharmacologically valuable. Therefore, in this study, the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of Tephrosia pulcherrima (root) ethanol extract was performed for its phytochemical profiling. The HPTLC densitometric analysis of the ethanol extract of Tephrosia pulcherrima was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC system, and the results were obtained in the form of chromatograms (scanned at the wavelength of 254 nm and 366 nm) representing several peaks. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined and presented in the tables showing the total number of peaks, peak heights, peak area, percent area, and Rf values. The study concluded that T. pulcherrima ethanol extract of the root contains a rich variety of phytochemicals which might be accountable for its therapeutic value and thus justifies its traditional use in India