Characterization of CD34⁺CD45⁺ and CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells.

<p>(A) EBs were harvested on day 8 and single cell suspension was prepared. Cells were stained with anti-CD34 mAb together with mAb to indicated markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Dead cells were gated out by propidium iodide staining. (B) CD34⁺CD45⁻ (left) and CD45⁺ (right) EB cells in (A) were gated, and analysed for the expression of Mac-1 by flow cytometry. Numbers indicate percentage of cells in quadrants or gates. (C) CD34⁺CD45⁻ and CD45⁺ EB cells were isolated by FACS sorting and cultured to generate ES-HPs. The sorted EB cells and the ES-HPs generated from them were plated for myeloid and erythroid colony formation as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1F</a>. (D) CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells were directly cultured on OP9 stroma with IL-2 and IL-15 for NK cell differentiation. Cells were harvested after 2 weeks, stained for NK markers and analyzed by flow cytometry as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1B</a>. (E) CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells were directly cultured onto OP9-DL1 stroma with proper cytokines for T cell differentiation for 3 weeks. Expression of T cell markers was analyzed by flow cytometry as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1E</a>. (F) Limiting numbers (100, 300 and 1,000 cells per well) of CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells were sorted into each well of 96 well plates. For NK progenitor assays, wells contained OP9 stroma, IL-2, and IL-15. For T progenitor assays, wells contained OP9-DL1 cells, IL-7 and Flt3-L as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>. NK cells were detected by granzyme B RT-PCR and T cells detected by TCRγ RT-PCR followed by southern blotting. The number of progenitors in 1000 plated cells was calculated as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2C</a>.</p

T, B and myeloid potential of ES-HPs derived from CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells.

<p>(A) CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells were sorted and cultured with OP9 and cytokines to generate ES-HPs. They were then cultured on OP9-DL1 stroma with cytokines for T cell differentiation. At different time points, cells were harvested and stained for CD44 and CD25 and analyzed by flow cytometer. Dead cells were stained with propidium iodide and OP9-DL1 cells expressing green fluorescent protein were gated out. The numbers show the percentages of cells in the quadrants. (B) ES-HP cells were cultured for T cell differentiation for 8 days with 5 ng/ml IL-7 as in (A). On day 8, IL-7 concentration was reduced to 1 ng/ml and cells were cultured for an additional 6 days. Cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometer for CD4 and CD8 expression. The numbers indicate the percentages of cells in the quadrants. (C) ES-HP cells were cultured for T cell differentiation with 5 ng/ml IL-7 for 2 weeks and an additional 4 days with 1 ng/ml IL-7, stained for TCRγδ and TCRβ and analyzed by flow cytometer. The numbers show the percentages of cells positively stained with the test antibodies (filled histogram) over control antibody (open histogram). (D) ES-HPs were generated from CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells as in (A). The bulk and sorted CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HP cells were analyzed for T progenitor frequency by limiting dilution cultures as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3F</a>, except that 30, 100, 300 and 900 cells per well for bulk and 10, 30 and 100 cells per well for CD45⁺Lin⁻ cells were plated. The results are average of two independent experiments. (E) CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HPs were sorted and cultured on OP9 cells with IL-7 and Flt3-L for B cell generation. After one week, cells were harvested and analysed for the expression of B220 and CD19 with flow cytometer. (F) One thousand sorted CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HPs were transferred into myeloid differentiation media as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1F</a>. The number of myeloid and erythroid colonies were scored.</p

Characterization of NK progenitors within ES-HPs.

<p>(A) ES-HP cells were stained for the indicated markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. Filled histograms show staining with appropriate mAbs and open histograms show isotype-matched control antibody staining. Percentages of positively stained cells over the control staining are shown. Dead cells were stained with propidium iodide and gated out. OP9 cells were also gated out by their high scatter profile. (B) ES-HPs were co-stained with anti-CD45.2 and IL-7Rα mAbs (left panel), or anti-CD45.2 and γc mAbs (right panel) and analyzed by flow cytometer as in (A). CD45 positive cells were gated and analyzed for the expression of indicated receptors. (C) Irradiated OP9 cells were cultured for 2 days in 96 well plates. ES-HPs were stained with anti-CD45.2 mAb and CD45⁺ and CD45⁻ ES-HPs were sorted by FACS into the wells with the pre-formed OP9 stroma layers. For CD45⁺ ES-HPs, 10, 30 and 100 cells per well were sorted into 12 wells each. For CD45⁻ and bulk ES-HPs, 30, 100 and 300 cells per well were sorted into 12 wells each. After culturing with appropriate cytokines for NK cell differentiation, cells in individual wells were harvested and analyzed for the presence of NK cells by granzyme B RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using L-Calc^TM software. The results are means ± SD of three independent experiments, except for bulk ES-HPs which is average of two experiments.</p

Characterization of ES-HP cells derived from CD34⁺CD45⁻ EBs for surface markers and NK potential.

<p>(A) ES-HP cells derived from CD34⁺CD45⁻ EB cells were stained with mAbs to indicated markers and analyzed by flow cytometry as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2A</a>. (B) ES-HP cells were co-stained with anti-CD45, c-kit and Sca-1 mAbs. Cells were then gated on CD45⁺ and analyzed for the expression of c-kit and Sca-1 (left panel). ES-HP cells were stained with a combination of purified anti-CD45.2 mAb followed by Alexa Flour 647-goat anti-mouse IgG, and biotinylated anti-Mac-1 and Ter119 mAbs followed by streptavidin-PE and analyzed by flow cytometer (middle panel). CD45⁺Mac-1⁻Ter119⁻ cells were gated and analyzed for the expression of IL-2Rβ (right panel). (C) CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HPs were sorted and cultured on OP9 stroma with IL-2 and IL-15. After 3 days, cells were harvested and subjected to flow cytometry analysis after staining with anti-IL-2Rβ and anti-IL-7Rα. (D) Sorted CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HPs were cultured in NK culture (described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>) for one week and analysed for the expression of NK markers. (E) The bulk and sorted CD45⁺Lin⁻ ES-HP cells were analyzed for NK progenitor frequency by limiting dilution cultures as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#pone-0000232-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2C</a>. For the former 30, 100 and 300 cells per well and for the latter 3, 10, and 30 cells per well were plated. The results are mean ± SD of three independent experiments.</p

ES-HPs have NK and T cell potentials with little myeloid potential.

<p>(A) ES culture system to generate ES-HPs is illustrated. ES cells are induced to form EBs in methylcellulose. CD34⁺ EBs are sorted and cultured for one week with OP9 stroma in the presence of indicated cytokines to generate ES-HP cells. ES-HPs are cultured on OP9 stroma with IL-2 and IL-15 for NK cell differentiation or on OP9-DL1 stroma with IL-7 and Flt3-L for T cell differentiation. (B) NK cells generated from ES-HPs were stained for the indicated receptors and analyzed by flow cytometer. Filled histograms show staining with the appropriate mAbs and open histograms show isotype-matched control antibody staining. Percentages of positively stained cells over the control staining are shown. Dead cells were stained with propidium iodide and gated out. Residual OP9 cells were also gated out by their high scatter profile. (C) RNA was isolated from 2×10⁵ bulk T cells and 2×10⁶ bulk NK cells derived from ES-HPs (ES-T and ES-NK, respectively) and converted into cDNAs. Aliquots (1/30) of cDNAs were subjected to PCR for rearranged TCRγ gene. The PCR products were blotted and hybridized to a Jγ1 probe. Thymocytes were used as positive control. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RT-PCR was also used as control. (D) cDNA was generated from ES-T cells as in (C). One microlitre of undiluted, 1/10 and 1/100 diluted cDNA was subjected to PCR for CD3ε and RAG-1. OP9 cells were used as negative control. (E) ES-T cells were harvested on day 7, stained for TCRγδ and TCRβ and analyzed by flow cytometer as in Fig. 1B. OP9-DL1 cells expressed green fluorescent protein and were gated out by green fluorescence. (F) One thousand CD34⁺ EBs and ES-HP cells were plated in methylcellulose media for myeloid and erythroid colony formation and the total number of myeloid and erythroid colonies were counted as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000232#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a>.</p

Kinetic profiles of cytokines in sera of control, ID or IM IRV-vaccinated piglets.

<p>Levels of IL-8 (A) and IFN-α (B) were measured with Swine Cytokine Magnetic 7-Plex Panel kit as described in the text. Levels of five other cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-ϒ, TNF-α) were not elevated (data not shown). Each data point denotes geometric mean concentration ± one standard error (error bar). Significant differences are indicated.</p

Neutralizing activity in sera of control, ID or IM IRV-vaccinated piglets.

<p>The neutralizing antibody titers to Wa (A), WI61 (B) and MW333 (C) strains were determined by neutralization assay. Each serum specimen was tested at an initial dilution of 1:20. For negative samples at 1:20 dilution, an arbitrary value 10 was used for calculation and graphic illustration. Data are presented as geometric mean titer (GMT) + one standard error (error bar). Filled, checker board and open bars represent control, ID and IM groups, respectively. Significant differences are indicated.</p

RV antigen shedding and diarrhea in Gn piglets post-challenge with VirHRV Wa.

<p>RV antigen shedding and diarrhea in Gn piglets post-challenge with VirHRV Wa.</p

Rotavirus-specific serum IgA and IgG antibody titers in control, ID or IM IRV-vaccinated piglets.

<p>Each serum specimen was tested at an initial dilution of 1:10 for IgA (A) and 1:100 for IgG (B). If IgA or IgG activity was not detected at initial dilution, a value of 1 for IgA and 10 for IgG was used for calculation and graphic illustration. Data are presented as geometric mean titer (GMT) + one standard error (error bar). Filled, checker board and open bars represent control, ID and IM groups, respectively. Significant differences are indicated.</p

Additional file 1: of Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model

Figure S1. Schematics of animal experiment indicating time of HIFM transplantation and time points of samples collection. Pigs were transplanted at 4 days of age and euthanized at 11 days of age (dotted arrows). Intestinal tissues sampling was performed at PTD7. Abbreviations: HIFM-Human infant fecal microbiota; PTD-Post transplant days. (PDF 36 kb