Место современных продуктов прикорма в критическом периоде формирования здоровья ребенка

The current development of medicine and the results of recent large-scale academic research in pediatrics provide the convincing conclusions that the formation of human health begins in the antenatal period of ontogenesis and continues throughout the infancy. The ideas and subsequent academic research on the influence of nutrition during the first thousand days of life on the programming of metabolism and the development of some chronic somatic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease have become widespread. In addition, at the same period of life immune abnormalities with a predominance of one of the subpopulations, Th1 or Th2, can possibly form in children at risk of developing allergies when immune response is developing. The predominance of the Th2 cytokine profile (hyperproduction of interleukins 4, 5, 13, etc.) suggests the possibility of stable formation of the atopic status in a child afterwards. Consequently, the application of academic knowledge on the health status programming by nutrition during early ontogenesis is an important tool in preventive pediatric practice.Развитие современной медицины, результаты последних масштабных научных исследований в педиатрии приводят к убедительным выводам, что формирование здоровья человека начинается в антенатальном периоде онтогенеза и продолжается на протяжении раннего детского возраста. Широкое распространение получили идеи и последовавшие за ними научные исследования о влиянии питания первых тысячи дней жизни в программировании метаболизма и развитии некоторых хронических соматических болезней, таких как ожирение, гипертоническая болезнь, ишемическая болезнь сердца. Вместе с тем в этот же период жизни у детей групп риска по развитию аллергии при становлении иммунного ответа возможно программирование иммунных отклонений с преобладанием одной из субпопуляций — Th1 или Th2. Преобладание цитокинового профиля Th2 (гиперпродукция интерлейкинов 4, 5, 13 и др.) предполагает возможность стойкого формирования атопического статуса ребенка в дальнейшем. Следовательно, использование научных знаний о программировании состояния здоровья питанием в процессе раннего онтогенеза является важным инструментом в практической профилактической педиатрии.КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВТ.В. Турти, Е.Г. Бокучава сотрудничают с АО «ПРОГРЕСС».И.А. Беляева сотрудничает с компанией «Пфайзер Инновации».Остальные авторы статьи подтвердили отсутствие конфликта интересов

Phenological shifts of abiotic events, producers and consumers across a continent

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes. The authors use systematic monitoring across the former USSR to investigate phenological changes across taxa. The long-term mean temperature of a site emerged as a strong predictor of phenological change, with further imprints of trophic level, event timing, site, year and biotic interactions.Peer reviewe

Chronicles of nature calendar, a long-term and large-scale multitaxon database on phenology

We present an extensive, large-scale, long-term and multitaxon database on phenological and climatic variation, involving 506,186 observation dates acquired in 471 localities in Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. The data cover the period 1890-2018, with 96% of the data being from 1960 onwards. The database is rich in plants, birds and climatic events, but also includes insects, amphibians, reptiles and fungi. The database includes multiple events per species, such as the onset days of leaf unfolding and leaf fall for plants, and the days for first spring and last autumn occurrences for birds. The data were acquired using standardized methods by permanent staff of national parks and nature reserves (87% of the data) and members of a phenological observation network (13% of the data). The database is valuable for exploring how species respond in their phenology to climate change. Large-scale analyses of spatial variation in phenological response can help to better predict the consequences of species and community responses to climate change.Peer reviewe

Thermosensitive Chitosan-Containing Hydrogels: Their Formation, Properties, Antibacterial Activity, and Veterinary Usage

Mixtures of aqueous solutions of chitosan hydrochloride (CS·HCl, 1–4 wt.%) and Pluronic F-127 (Pl F-127, 25 wt.%) were studied using vibrational and rotational viscometry; the optimal aminopolysaccharide concentration (3 wt.%) and the CS·HCl:Pl F-127 ratio (30:70) to obtain a thermosensitive hydrogel were found. It was shown that at 4 °C, such mixed compositions were viscous liquids, while at 37 °C for 1–2 min, they undergo a thermally reversible transition to a shape-stable hydrogel with a developed level of structure formation, satisfactory viscosity and high mucoadhesive parameters (maximum pull-off force Fmax = 1.5 kN/m2; work of adhesion W = 66.6 × 10−3 J). Adding D-ascorbic acid to the hydrogel led to orientational ordering of the supramolecular structure of the mixed system and significantly improved mucoadhesion (Fmax = 4.1 kN/m2, W = 145.1 × 10−3 J). A microbiological study revealed the high antibacterial activity of the hydrogel against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The treatment of mixed bacterial infection in cows demonstrated the possibility of the in situ formation of a viscoelastic gel and revealed its high therapeutic effect. It has been suggested that our thermosensitive mucoadhesive CS·HCl:Pl F-127 hydrogels could be considered as independent veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals

Non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-derived peptides for atheroprotection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Relevance: Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of premature adult death. Lipid profile and atherogenesis: Dislipidaemia leads to subsequent lipid accumulation and migration of immunocompetent cells into the vessel intima. Macrophages accumulate cholesterol forming foam cells – the morphological substrate of atherosclerosis in its initial stage. Inflammation and atherogenesis: Pro-inflammatory factors provoke oxidative stress, vascular wall damage and foam cells formation. Endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis: Endothelial mitochondria are some of the organelles most sensitive to oxidative stress. Damaged mitochondria produce excess superoxide and H2O2, which are the main factors of intracellular damage, further increasing endothelial dysfunction. Short non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-based peptides as innovative atheroprotectors: Research in recent decades has shown that erythropoietin has a high cytoprotective activity, which is mainly associated with exposure to the mitochondrial link and has been confirmed in various experimental models. There is also a short-chain derivative, the 11-amino acid pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (PHBSP), which selectively binds to the erythropoietin heterodymic receptor and reproduces its cytoprotective properties. This indicates the promising use of short-chain derivatives of erythropoietin for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular injury. In the future, it is planned to study the PHBSP derivatives, the modification of which consists in adding RGD and PGP tripeptides with antiaggregant properties to the original 11-member peptide

Implication of Modern Complementary Foods in Critical Period for Child Health Programming

The current development of medicine and the results of recent large-scale academic research in pediatrics provide the convincing conclusions that the formation of human health begins in the antenatal period of ontogenesis and continues throughout the infancy. The ideas and subsequent academic research on the influence of nutrition during the first thousand days of life on the programming of metabolism and the development of some chronic somatic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease have become widespread. In addition, at the same period of life immune abnormalities with a predominance of one of the subpopulations, Th1 or Th2, can possibly form in children at risk of developing allergies when immune response is developing. The predominance of the Th2 cytokine profile (hyperproduction of interleukins 4, 5, 13, etc.) suggests the possibility of stable formation of the atopic status in a child afterwards. Consequently, the application of academic knowledge on the health status programming by nutrition during early ontogenesis is an important tool in preventive pediatric practice

Stereoselective Tandem Ring Opening of Imidazoles with Electron-Deficient Acetylenes and Water: Synthesis of Functionalized (<i>Z</i>,<i>Z</i>)‑1,4-Diaza-2,5-dienes

1-Substituted imidazoles undergo exceptionally facile stereoselective ring opening under the influence of electron-deficient acetylenes and water (equimolar ratio of the reactants) in MeCN at 45–60 °C without any catalysts to afford functionalized (<i>Z,Z</i>)-1,4-diaza-2,5-dienes, (<i>Z,Z</i>)-propenylaminoethenylformamides, in up to 80% yields. The reaction is rationalized to proceed in a tandem manner via zwitterionic vinyl carbanions formed by nucleophilic addition of imidazole to the triple bond. The carbanionic center is then quenched with water followed by the rearrangement of the intermediate 2-hydroxy-3-alkenylimidazolines

Differences in spatial versus temporal reaction norms for spring and autumn phenological events

For species to stay temporally tuned to their environment, they use cues such as the accumulation of degree-days. The relationships between the timing of a phenological event in a population and its environmental cue can be described by a population-level reaction norm. Variation in reaction norms along environmental gradients may either intensify the environmental effects on timing (cogradient variation) or attenuate the effects (countergradient variation). To resolve spatial and seasonal variation in species' response, we use a unique dataset of 91 taxa and 178 phenological events observed across a network of 472 monitoring sites, spread across the nations of the former Soviet Union. We show that compared to local rates of advancement of phenological events with the advancement of temperature-related cues (i.e., variation within site over years), spatial variation in reaction norms tend to accentuate responses in spring (cogradient variation) and attenuate them in autumn (countergradient variation). As a result, among-population variation in the timing of events is greater in spring and less in autumn than if all populations followed the same reaction norm regardless of location. Despite such signs of local adaptation, overall phenotypic plasticity was not sufficient for phenological events to keep exact pace with their cues-the earlier the year, the more did the timing of the phenological event lag behind the timing of the cue. Overall, these patterns suggest that differences in the spatial versus temporal reaction norms will affect species' response to climate change in opposite ways in spring and autumn