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Not AvailableSundarban area of West Bengal State in India is a complex-diverse-risk prone agro-ecosystem grappled with degraded soil, water logging, brackish ground water and marginal farm holdings. South west monsoon rain-fed paddy crop is the major production system and the farm families have to migrate to other areas for employment during the post-monsoon season. Farm pond based rain water harvesting and optimally utilizing it to cultivate vegetables and rearing fish in the pond would provide them employment, income and self-reliance on a sustainable basis is the solution. Rain water harvesting based production system models namely, land shaping for aqua-agri integration, brackishwater pond based polyculture and paddy-cum-fish farming were implemented to 370 beneficiary families to enhance the livelihood security at Kakdwip and Namkhana blocks of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. A set of 15 indicators were identified by the subject matter scientists to assess the outcome of the interventions in enhancing the livelihood security of farm families. Impact analysis was done using ‘before vs after’ and control vs treatment research design. Primary data were collected from the sample of 120 proportionate random sample beneficiary farm families using a structured questionnaire and focus group meetings. The findings substantially indicated that all the three farming models have contributed for enhancing the livelihood security levels of the farm families in terms of creation of livelihood asset mainly the farm pond, conservation of natural water for multiple cropping and aquaculture, enhanced capabilities, employment generation, improved production from the land/pond, enhanced income from farming, access to better market price, access to development institutions, minimization of migration during off-season, enhanced self-reliant, and social status of the farm families. The analyses have confirmed that all the three farming models have significantly contributed for the livelihood security of the coastal farm families (p<0.01). Therefore, the study suggested that the Government may evolve a scheme with inbuilt subsidy in up-scaling these models in the entire Sundarban region for enhancing the livelihood security of farm families.Not Availabl

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Parasites, Aquaculture

Not AvailableAquaculture represents one of the fastest growing component of the food sectors in the world. In recent times, it has progressed leaps and bounds from the traditional freshwater aquacuture to the brackishwater and marine realms. The brackishwater aquaculture assumes importance as it effectively utilizes the non-potable water which cannot be even used for irrigation of common agriculture crops. There is tremendous scope for the expansion of brackishwater aquaculture world-wide as most of the brackishwater resource under-utilized. Owing to its economic value, shrimp culture dominates the brackishwater aquaculture sector. However, finfish aquaculture is an ancient practice globally and has been continuing significantly to augment the livelihood support of a large population. In addition, the ornamental fish culture, a multi-billion-dollar industry, with very few wild collected marine and brackishwater species also offers scope for effective utilization of brackishwater resources. Brackishwater ornamental species are hardy to withstand the wide range of water parameters as they naturally thrive in extreme climates. The ultimate goal should be in achieving sustainable brackishwater aquaculture for food with diversification of species, different farming systems, popularisation of the ornamental fish industry, and employment generation. Disease poses the biggest challenge for this growth. Fish and shellfish encounter diseases from all bio-aggressors such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi leading to production and economic losses to the aquaculture industry. With the rapid increase of production, the sector experienced parallel increase in quantum of diseases. In last two decades many disease and its causative agents have been identified, which necessitate search for innovative means of control. History has shown that diseases and parasites play a significantly detrimental role in aquaculture. In fact, disease-outbreaks have formed one of the major barriers against expanding the industry. Even though brackishwater aquaculture has been making rapid strides, it depends to a large extend on wild fry or fingerlings and natural water source. There are many commercially important brackishwater fish and shrimp species with aquaculture significance. Among which, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), Milk fish (Chanos chanos), Pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis), Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus), Mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), silver moony (Monodactylus argenteus), Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus or Penaeus indicus), Banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis), and Mud crabs (Scylla serrata and Scylla olivacea) are considered as most potential species of fish, shrimps and crabs. This chapter describes the major diseases attributed to parasites of finfish and shellfish and their diagnosis, treatment and control. Considering the vast expanse of parasitic world, it is not possible to go into extensive illustrative detail on every species or group in a single chapter, but this chapter does provide a listing of most parasites reported or known from brackishwater aquaculture species with some pertinent general information on them. Because of these enumerations, the chapter would act as a review for anyone interested in parasites or the use of such parasites as indicators. This chapter also deals with the zoonotic significance of the parasites. Limited space prohibits us from presenting all the references used.. The major groups of parasites in brackishwater fish and/or shrimp are (i) protozoans and (ii) metazoans. Based on the location / site of attachment on the host fish and/or shrimp it can be also categorised as ecto- or endoparasites.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe aim of the study was to document the incidence of pathological lesions in the ovaries of buffalo genitalia collected from slaughter houseNot Availabl

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Not AvailableFor the present study, 425 genitalia of non-descript buffalo cows aged 4 to 10 years with no breeding history were procured from the animals slaughtered in and around Tirupati. Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) which includes follicular cyst (5.41 pert), luteal cyst (0.47 pert) & cystic corpus luteum (0.71 pert) was observed in 28 (6.59 pert) genitalia. Sixteen genitalia (3.76 pert) showed mixed pathological conditions such as chronic endometritis with follicular cysts (3.29 pert) and chronic endometritis with luteal cysts (0.47 pert).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn epidemiological investigation was done in brackish water culture systems in three coastal districts of West Bengal. A total of 198 farms were randomly surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The data showed that there was a significant difference in outbreak of white spot disease (WSD) (p < 0.01), shell-associated problems (p < 0.01), and gill-associated problems (p < 0.05) among the culture systems. Among all systems, stunted and uneven growth and white fecal disease (only in shrimp monoculture) were the dominant emerging disorders. WSD remained the most prevalent disease. Some farms tested (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) positive for WSD, but the animals were apparently healthy. Chlorination, use of PCR screening, application of immunostimulants, and strict bio-security measures play major roles in containing disease outbreaksNot Availabl