Primary ovarian pregnancy: histopathology remains the key to confirming diagnosis setting

Ectopic pregnancy occurs in 2% of all pregnancies. Primary ovarian pregnancy is a rare entity and accounts for only 0.15-3% of all ectopic gestations. It usually ends with rupture before the end of first trimester. The diagnosis is often made intraoperatively and confirmed histopathologically. A 23 year old female presented with severe hypogastric abdominal pain with no history of amenorrhea. She underwent a laprotomy and a right sided salpingo-oopherectomy and the excised material was sent for histopathological examination. Chorionic villi were seen within the ovarian stroma suggesting the likely possibility of an ovarian pregnancy. Ovarian pregnancy is rare; although awareness of this condition is important for reducing its associated morbidity and mortality. This highlights the importance of histopathology for the accurate diagnosis of this condition

From Models to Mannequins: The Oxymoronic Equation of International Labor Law Standards in the World of Fashion

Fashion law is an emerging field that addresses the legal issues that arise in the fashion industry. With the rapid growth and globalization of the fashion industry, there is an increasing need for specialized legal guidance in this area. Fashion law encompasses a wide range of legal issues, including intellectual property, contract law, employment law, international trade law, and environmental law. One of the main drivers behind the need for fashion law is the rise of counterfeiting and intellectual property theft in the fashion industry. With the proliferation of ecommerce and social media, it has become easier than ever for counterfeiters to produce and sell fake designer goods. Fashion law provides legal protections for designers, brands, and manufacturers to safeguard their intellectual property rights and prevent infringement. Moreover, the fashion industry has a significant impact on the environment, with issues such as textile waste, carbon emissions, and ethical sourcing of materials. Fashion law can play a crucial role in ensuring that fashion companies comply with environmental regulations and ethical standards. Interestingly, fashion models comprise a group of working professionals that do not have any laws dealing with the specific issues that they are faced with on account of their profession. This Article discusses the various reasons why there is a need for fashion law

Design of rail-to-rail operational amplifier using XFAB 0.35µm process

University of Minnesota Master of Science thesis. August 2014. Major: Electrical engineering. Advisor: Ted Higman. 1 computer file (PDF); v, 16 pages.Operational amplifier is an integral part of analog circuits. With the advent of portable device technology, power consumption has become an area of concern.To reduce power consumption and improve battery life performance, supply voltages are scaled. This leads to a reduced input common mode range for an operational amplifier. A rail-to-rail amplifier composed of complementary CMOS differential pairs is employed to obtain a wider input common mode range. However, the complementary differential pairs, when operated in parallel lead to a large variation in the total transconductance thereby making the circuit highly unstable. A simple and novel technique to remedy this is to use a diode connected NMOS to shift the transition region of the NMOS differential pair. This circuit is simple and consumes less power. XFAB 0.35µm process technology is used in the design of the circuit. Cadence SPECTRE simulator is used for all the simulations

Nutrient intakes from solid/semisolid foods and body fat of children 12-36 months of age in Mumbai city, India

Background: Few reports are available on the association between feeding practices and body fat of young Asian Indian children. Indian children have “thin-fat” syndrome, i.e., they tend to have higher body fat at lower body mass index, placing them at risk of non-communicable diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine whether young children’s nutrient intakes are associated with body fat. Materials and Methods: Percent body fat measured by bioelectric impedance and nutrient intakes estimated from three 24-h diet recalls were studied in 1200 children, aged 12-36 months. Average intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. Nutrient intakes were compared by quintiles of body fat. Results: Mean body fat was 20.13±2.37%,with older children having more body fat than younger children. Males had more body fat than females. Percent body fat was not only correlated with macronutrient intakes but also was positively correlated with iron, zinc intakes, and thiamine. Body fat was negatively associated with calcium, fiber, and Vitamin A intakes but was positively associated with intakes of animal protein and from milk and milk products. Children in the highest quintile of body fat had lower calcium intakes those in lower quintiles. Animal protein intakes increased from Quintile 1 to Quintile 4 of body fat. Male children aged 12-24 months in the second and third quintile had higher mean protein intakes than in the other quintiles. Female children in the highest quintile of body fat had lowermean animal protein intakes. Breastfed children aged 24-36 months old in Quintile 1 had lower protein intakes from milk and milk products than in the other four quintiles. Among non-breastfed male children, those in the fifth quintile had lowest intake of milk protein. Conclusion: Diets given to young children should be adequate in micronutrients and fiber, and there should not be too much emphasis on dairy protein only

Isolated Sternal Tuberculosis Presenting as a Chest Wall Abscess: A Case Report

In India, pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for 85% of cases and extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for 15% of cases with bone and joint involvement is seen in 1 to 3% of cases. Primary tuberculous osteomyelitis of the sternum is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. A 51-year-old male presented with 10 years history of swelling over the anterior chest wall and pain for past 6 months. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) revealed a markedly granular necrotic background. Ziehl-Neelsen staining was positive for acid-fast bacilli and a diagnosis of the tubercular abscess was made. Chest X-ray was normal. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography was done, which gave an evidence of the erosion of the anterior surface of the sternum. Tuberculosis of the sternum is a rare form of flat bone tuberculosis. The possibility of sternal tuberculosis should be kept in mind in any patient with a mass, non-healing ulcer, or abscess in the sternal region

Primary ovarian pregnancy: early diagnosis still a myth

Primary ovarian pregnancy occurs quite rarely accounting for 1 to 3%. And that too usually in young highly fertile multiparous women using intra uterine device and is associated with rupture very early in the gestation. We present a case where a young primigravida presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy and was confirmed intra-operatively and histopathologically as primary ovarian pregnancy, managed with partial ovariectomy

Policing the COVID-19 pandemic: police and public perceptions of enforcement of health protocols in the Fiji Islands

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health security concern (World Health Organization, 2020), and governments have called upon police agencies to assist control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. This study looks at the new roles performed by police agencies in the context of the Fiji Islands. This study addresses two main research questions. Firstly, what are the issues and challenges faced by police officers when carrying out their COVID-19 duties? Secondly, what is the public perceptions of police officers’ effectiveness in enforcing COVID-19 health protocols? This study has utilized a mixed-method approach based on qualitative interviews with police officers and a quantitative survey of the public. The police officers' interviews reveal that police performed new health duties and ground-level police faced several challenges. The public survey findings reveal that most people were happy with police performance. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of our findings on police practice and the agenda for future comparative research in small island countries so that SIDs can learn from each other

Effect of lactoferrin protein on red blood cells and macrophages: mechanism of parasite-host interaction

BACKGROUND: Lactoferrin is a natural multifunctional protein known to have antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. Apart from its antimicrobial effects, lactoferrin is known to boost the immune response by enhancing antioxidants. Lactoferrin exists in various forms depending on its iron saturation. The present study was done to observe the effect of lactoferrin, isolated from bovine and buffalo colostrum, on red blood cells (RBCs) and macrophages (human monocytic cell line-derived macrophages THP1 cells). METHODS: Lactoferrin obtained from both species and in different iron saturation forms were used in the present study, and treatment of host cells were given with different forms of lactoferrin at different concentrations. These treated host cells were used for various studies, including morphometric analysis, viability by MTT assay, survivin gene expression, production of reactive oxygen species, phagocytic properties, invasion assay, and Toll-like receptor-4, Toll-like receptor-9, and MDR1 expression, to investigate the interaction between lactoferrin and host cells and the possible mechanism of action with regard to parasitic infections. RESULTS: The mechanism of interaction between host cells and lactoferrin have shown various aspects of gene expression and cellular activity depending on the degree of iron saturation of lactoferrin. A significant increase (P<0.05) in production of reactive oxygen species, phagocytic activity, and Toll-like receptor expression was observed in host cells incubated with iron-saturated lactoferrin when compared with an untreated control group. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) change in percentage viability in the different groups of host cells treated, and no downregulation of survivin gene expression was found at 48 hours post-incubation. Upregulation of the Toll-like receptor and downregulation of the P-gp gene confirmed the immunomodulatory potential of lactoferrin protein. CONCLUSION: The present study details the interaction between lactoferrin and parasite host cells, ie, RBCs and macrophages, using various cellular processes and expression studies. The study reveals the possible mechanism of action against various intracellular pathogens such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Mycobacterium. The presence of iron in lactoferrin plays an important role in enhancing the various activities taking place inside these cells. This work provides a lot of information about targeting lactoferrin against many parasitic infections which can rule out the exact pathways for inhibition of diseases caused by intracellular microbes mainly targeting RBCs and macrophages for their survival. Therefore, this initial study can serve as a baseline for further evaluation of the mechanism of action of lactoferrin against parasitic diseases, which is not fully understood to date