Detection and Prevention of Vampire Attack in MANET

A mobile ad-hoc network is a temporary, infrastructure less network where nodes communicate without any centralized mechanism. This dynamic behaviour of MANET makes this network more potentially applicable in conference, battlefield environment and disaster relief, and has received significant attention in recent years. Attacker may use this weakness to disrupt the network. Subsequently, Power draining is the major thread; where attacker not only exhausts the network traffic but also degrades the life of node as well network. The objective of this study is to detect and prevent mobile ad- hoc networks from unwanted power draining due to Vampire attack. Here, Targeted Flooding through high battery capacity node has been used to deploy Vampire attack in mobile ad-hoc network. Subsequently, energy consumption and capacity observation technique has been used to detect malicious node(s). Furthermore, prevention method forcefully shutdown malicious nodes and transfer communication

Classification of Nonenzymatic Homologues of Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase-Like Non-kinases (PKLNKs), which are closely related to protein kinases, lack the crucial catalytic aspartate in the catalytic loop, and hence cannot function as protein kinase, have been analysed. Using various sensitive sequence analysis methods, we have recognized 82 PKLNKs from four higher eukaryotic organisms, namely, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Drosophila melanogaster. On the basis of their domain combination and function, PKLNKs have been classified mainly into four categories: (1) Ligand binding PKLNKs, (2) PKLNKs with extracellular protein-protein interaction domain, (3) PKLNKs involved in dimerization, and (4) PKLNKs with cytoplasmic protein-protein interaction module. While members of the first two classes of PKLNKs have transmembrane domain tethered to the PKLNK domain, members of the other two classes of PKLNKs are cytoplasmic in nature. The current classification scheme hopes to provide a convenient framework to classify the PKLNKs from other eukaryotes which would be helpful in deciphering their roles in cellular processes

Primary renal squamous cell carcinoma in a non-functioning kidney with nephrolithiasis: A case report

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of renal pelvis is a rare neoplasm. A 50-year-old female presented with a history of chronic dull aching pain in left flank region and burning micturition for 8 months. Workup showed multiple calculi in non-functioning, hydronephrotic left kidney. Histopathological examination of nephrectomy specimen revealed SCC of renal pelvis; although, there was no obvious growth. The case report highlights the fact that SCC should be suspected in a patient with renal mass in a non-functioning kidney following long-standing nephrolithiasis

Repertoire of Protein Kinases Encoded in the Genome of Takifugu rubripes

Takifugu rubripes is teleost fish widely used in comparative genomics to understand the human system better due to its similarities both in number of genes and structure of genes. In this work we survey the fugu genome, and, using sensitive computational approaches, we identify the repertoire of putative protein kinases and classify them into groups and subfamilies. The fugu genome encodes 519 protein kinase-like sequences and this number of putative protein kinases is comparable closely to that of human. However, in spite of its similarities to human kinases at the group level, there are differences at the subfamily level as noted in the case of KIS and DYRK subfamilies which contribute to differences which are specific to the adaptation of the organism. Also, certain unique domain combination of galectin domain and YkA domain suggests alternate mechanisms for immune response and binding to lipoproteins. Lastly, an overall similarity with the MAPK pathway of humans suggests its importance to understand signaling mechanisms in humans. Overall the fugu serves as a good model organism to understand roles of human kinases as far as kinases such as LRRK and IRAK and their associated pathways are concerned

Giant tonsillolith causing odynophagia in a child: a rare case report

Giant tonsillolith is a rare clinical entity. Commonly, it occurs between 20–77 years of age. We had a twelve years old female patient, who had odynophagia due to a giant tonsillolith. The stone was removed and tonsillectomy was performed. We reviewed the literature on this rare clinical entity and found that this is the fourth case of giant tonsillolith in a child and largest ever tonsillolith to be reported in English literature

Health Hazards among Tribal Farm Women in Agricultural Operations

ABSTRAC

Extrinsic post burn peri-anal contracture leading to sub acute intestinal obstruction: A case report

Peri-anal contracture lead to intestinal obstruction whenever there is involvement of anal orifice. In this case anus and peri-anal skin up to two cm was normal; however both gluteal folds were fused because of post burn scar leaving a very small opening which lead to faecal impaction and sub acute intestinal obstruction