Adverse events following Quadrivalent HPV vaccination reported in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in the first three years after introducing the vaccine for routine immunization (March 2014 to December 2016)

In March 2014, the Quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccine (4vHPV) was introduced in the female adolescents vaccination schedule of the National Immunization Program (PNI). A school-based vaccination program was implemented. We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study of the adverse events that took place after HPV vaccination, reported to the Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) Information System in Sao Paulo State, from March 2014 to December 2016. All reports that fit the definitions of the 2014 National Manual on AEFI surveillance were included. AEFI risk was estimated by dividing the number of reports by the number of vaccine doses administered in the period. In the three-year period, 3,390,376 HPV vaccine doses were administered and 465 AEFI reports were registered, with 1,378 signs and symptoms. The reporting rate was 13.72 per 100,000 vaccine doses administered. The reports peaked in the first year of the program. The most frequent AEFI was syncope, with 5.7 reports per 100,000 doses administered, followed by dizziness, malaise, headache and nausea. Overall, 39 AEFI cases (8.4%) were classified as severe , with a reporting rate of 1.15 per 100,000 vaccine doses administered. Most cases were classified as severe because of hospitalization. Among them, there were cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, seizures and miscarriage. All young women recovered without sequelae. We identified five clusters of AEFI reports in four cities; the larger AEFI cluster occurred in the city of Bertioga, in September 2014, involving 13 female adolescents. Our data are in accordance with those from other countries and corroborate the safety of HPV vaccines

El uso de parámetros magnéticos en estudios paleolimnológicos en Antártida

En esta contribución se describen las distintas técnicas y mediciones magnéticas utilizadas en Magnetismo Ambiental y Paleomagnetismo. Tales mediciones ofrecen útiles indicadores para realizar estudios relacionados con cambios climáticos y ambientales, así como herramientas de datación. Si bien es ampliamente conocida la utilidad de la susceptibilidad magnética, en primer lugar se discute el potencial y necesidad del uso de parámetros adicionales obtenidos a partir de mediciones de magnetizaciones remanentes (natural, anhistérica e isotérmica), histéresis magnética y estudios termomagnéticos. A continuación se presentan resultados magnéticos obtenidos en sedimentos lacustres del Archipiélago James Ross (NE de la Península Antártica) como un caso de estudio. Se complementa con estudios sedimentológicos, hidroquímicos, geoquímicos y de estadística multivariada, pero se pone énfasis en los parámetros magnéticos y su relación con los distintos procesos que ocurren en los sistemas lacustres antárticos. Se analiza además el uso de las paleointensidades relativas como herramienta de datación en lagunas antárticas

El uso de parámetros magnéticos en estudios paleolimnológicos en Antártida

En esta contribución se describen las distintas técnicas y mediciones magnéticasutilizadas en Magnetismo Ambiental y Paleomagnetismo. Tales mediciones ofrecen útilesindicadores para realizar estudios relacionados con cambios climáticos y ambientales,así como herramientas de datación. Si bien es ampliamente conocida la utilidad de lasusceptibilidad magnética, en primer lugar se discute el potencial y necesidad del uso deparámetros adicionales obtenidos a partir de mediciones de magnetizaciones remanentes(natural, anhistérica e isotérmica), histéresis magnética y estudios termomagnéticos. Acontinuación se presentan resultados magnéticos obtenidos en sedimentos lacustresdel Archipiélago James Ross (NE de la Península Antártica) como un caso de estudio.Se complementa con estudios sedimentológicos, hidroquímicos, geoquímicos y deestadística multivariada, pero se pone énfasis en los parámetros magnéticos y su relacióncon los distintos procesos que ocurren en los sistemas lacustres antárticos. Se analizaademás el uso de las paleointensidades relativas como herramienta de datación enlagunas antárticas

Perspectivas atuais da neurossífilis: bases patogênicas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas

Introduction: Neurosyphilis (NS) is a serious and late manifestation of infection by Treponema pallidum, a bacterium that causes syphilis, which affects the central nervous system. This condition results from hematogenous spread of the pathogen to the nervous system, causing a variety of neurological symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of neurosyphilis. Methodology: This is a bibliographic review that included original articles and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, which addressed the pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of neurosyphilis, published between 2014 and 2024, selected from the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases. After careful selection, 28 articles were chosen to compose this bibliographic review. Results: T. pallidum presents a condition of complex immune evasion. The pathogenesis of NS involves complex biochemical interactions, including regulation of the antigenic variation system, imbalances between metalloproteinases. Diagnosis includes VDRL and TPPA tests, however, there are challenges associated with the tests. The management of the condition presents benzathine penicillin G as the first choice, in addition, other antibiotics can be used, such as doxycycline and ceftriaxone. Considerations: NS has a broad and complex pathogenesis, and includes multiple associated immune evasion mechanisms. Due to the difficulty of directly identifying the pathogen, diagnosis is associated with the identification of antibodies. Management includes antibiotic therapy, requiring careful clinical surveillance and individualized strategies to avoid possible adverse reactions and ensure the best possible management of this complex and multifaceted condition.Introdução: A neurossífilis (NS) é uma manifestação grave e tardia da infecção pelo Treponema pallidum, a bactéria causadora da sífilis, que afeta o sistema nervoso central. Esta condição resulta da disseminação hematogênica do patógeno para o sistema nervoso, causando uma variedade de sintomas neurológicos. Objetivo: Avaliar a patogênese, o diagnóstico e o manejo da neurossífilis. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica que incluiu artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português, que abordaram os aspectos patogênicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos da neurossífilis, publicados entre 2014 e 2024, selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e SciELO. Após a seleção criteriosa, foram escolhidos 28 artigos para compor esta revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: O T. pallidum apresenta uma condição de evasão imunológica complexa. A patogênese da NS envolve complexas interações bioquímicas, incluindo a regulação do sistema de variação antigênica, desequilíbrios entre metaloproteinases. O diagnóstico inclui os testes VDRL e TPPA, contudo, há desafios associados aos testes. O manejo do quadro apresenta a penicilina G benzatina como primeira escolha, além disso, outros antibióticos podem ser utilizados, como a doxiciclina e a ceftriaxona. Considerações: A NS apresenta uma patogênese ampla e complexa, e inclui múltiplos mecanismos de evasão imunológicas associados. Devido à dificuldade da identificação direta do patógeno, o diagnóstico está associado à identificação de anticorpos. O manejo inclui a antibioticoterapia, sendo necessário a vigilância clínica cuidadosa e estratégias individualizadas para evitar possíveis reações adversas e garantir o melhor manejo possível desta condição complexa e multifacetada

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Comunicación y ciudad: lenguajes, actores y relatos

Una veintena de autores participa en esta publicación en la que la comunicación y la política ciudadana son protagonistas. Las reflexiones teóricas provenientes de claustros docentes, grupos de investigación y prácticas en el aula, están divididas en tres grandes bloques: Aproximaciones a las relaciones entre comunicación y ciudad, La ciudad en narrativa meme y Resignificación, de la teoría a la práctica. Las ponencias, presentadas en las Jornadas de Comunicación y reunidas en estas páginas, tocan temas clave sobre ciudad, globalización y tecnología; reafirman la identidad del comunicador y estimulan su creatividad para potenciar herramientas orientadas a una comunicación transformadora desde la construcción colectiva

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit