Bis(μ-2′-carboxyl­atobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid-κ2 O 2:O 2′)bis­[(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)(2′-carboxyl­ato­biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid-κO 2′)zinc(II)]

In the dimeric title compound, [Zn2(C14H9O4)4(C10H8N2)2], the ZnII ions are penta­coordinated by one 2,2′-bipyridyl ligand and by three O atoms from three 2′-carboxyl­atobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid ligands. Two of the 2′-carboxyl­atobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid ligands act as bridging ligands and, together with two zinc(II) cations, produce an 18-membered ring system. The remaining 2′-carboxyl­atobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid ligands work as monodentate ligands. The crystal packing diagram is consolidated by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

catena-Poly[[[[3-(2-pyrid­yl)-1H-pyrazole]manganese(II)]-μ-oxalato] sesquihydrate]

In the title compound, {[Mn(C2O4)(C8H7N3)]·1.5H2O}n, the MnII ion is chelated by two O,O′-bidentate oxalate ions and an N,N′-bidentate 3-(2-pyrid­yl)pyrazole mol­ecule, resulting in a distorted cis-MnN2O4 octa­hedral geometry for the metal ion. The bridging oxalate ions generate wave-like polymeric chains propagating in [001]. The packing is consolidated by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. One of the water O atoms lies on a crystallographic twofold axis

catena-Poly[[[[3-(2-pyrid­yl)-1H-pyrazole]cadmium(II)]-μ-oxalato] dihydrate]

In the title compound, {[Cd(C2O4)(C8H7N3)]·2H2O}n, the CdII ion is chelated by two O,O′-bidentate oxalate ions and an N,N′-bidentate 3-(2-pyrid­yl)-1H-pyrazole mol­ecule, thereby generating a distorted cis-CdN2O4 octa­hedral geometry. Adjacent pairs of Cd ions are bridged by oxalate ions, resulting in wave-like polymeric chains propagating in [100]. The packing is consolidated by N—H—O and O—H—O hydrogen bonds

1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl­piperazin-4-ium-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate hexa­hydrate

In the title compound, C17H20FN3O3·6H2O, the pefloxacin (pef) neutral zwitterion is accompanied by six water mol­ecules of hydration. An extensive network of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to establish the crystal packing

cyclo-Tris[μ-5-(2-pyrid­yl)pyrazol-1-ido-κ3 N 1,N 5:N 2]tris­ilver(I)

In the title compound, [Ag3(C8H6N3)3], the asymmetric unit contains three silver cations and three depronated 5-(2-pyrid­yl)pyrazol-1-ide ligands. Each silver cation is chelated by one 5-(2-pyrid­yl)pyrazol-1-ide ligand, which also acts as a bridging ligand towards the next silver ion via the second pyrazole N atom. In summary, three silver cations and three deprotonated 3-(2-pyrid­yl)-1H-pyrazole ligands produce a macrocyclic trimeric coordination oligomer that exhibits an almost planar conformation (mean deviation 0.1483 Å). In addition, short non-bonding Ag⋯Ag inter­actions [3.127 (2) Å] are observed

Poly[bis­[μ-1-cyclo­propyl-6-fluoro-4-oxido-7-(1-piperazin­yl)-1,4-dihydro­quinoline-3-carboxyl­ato]nickel(II)]

In the title compound, [Ni(C17H17FN3O3)2]n, the NiII atom exists in a distorted trans-NiN2O4 octa­hedral geometry defined by two monodentate N-bonded and two bidentate O,O-bonded 1-cyclo­propyl-6-fluoro-4-oxido-7-(1-piperazin­yl)-1,4-dihydro­quinoline-3-carboxyl­ate (ciprofloxacinium) monoanions. The extended two-dimensional structure is a square grid. The Ni atom lies on a center of inversion

A Multidimensional Investigation of Expulsion and Suspension Practices in Early Childhood Programs

High rates of expulsion and suspension of young children, especially from childcare programs that are outside of state pre-kindergartens have been documented (Gilliam, 2005; Gilliam & Sharhar, 2006; U.S. Department of Education, 2014). Although a few studies have identified potential factors associated with the use of exclusionary discipline practices, no study has taken an in-depth, constructive approach. This dissertation applied a mixed-method design to obtain rich, contextual information about early childhood exclusionary discipline practices. Guided by the bioecological theory (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) and social constructivism (Guba & Lincoln, 1990), the research questions were designed to consider multi-level factors associated with the use of expulsion and suspension while prioritizing childcare providers’ voices and experiences. The study participants included three childcare programs all of which were outside of state pre-kindergarten systems. The primary data collection method was semi-structured interviews with classroom observations and document analysis as the secondary source. Results from thematic analysis demonstrated that the use of expulsion and suspension is affected by childcare providers’ perceptions, practices, as well as challenges that they encountered. Specifically, childcare providers tended to hold a deficit view of families and children with challenging behaviors. Classroom practices to address challenging behaviors were often reactive and exclusive instead of proactive or preventative. Challenges faced by childcare providers, such as working with families and lack of workforce competence, contributed to the use of exclusionary practices. Using the study findings, the conceptual framework was revised by including the family as an important part of the microsystem, by emphasizing the interaction between the child with challenging behaviors and others and between the family and the school as the major parts of the mesosystem, and by expanding the exosystem to include a view of childcare as a profession in the social context

Poly[[[[1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-(3-methyl­piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro­quinoline-3-carboxyl­ato]cadmium]-μ-benzene-1,4-dicarboxyl­ato] trihydrate]

In the title layered coordination polymer, {[Cd(C17H18F2N3O3)(C8H4O4)]·3H2O}n, the CdII atom exhibits a very distorted CdO6 octa­hedral geometry defined by one O 3,O 4-bidentate 1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-(3-methyl­piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro­quinoline-3-carboxyl­ate (lome) ligand, one O,O′-bidentate benzene-1,4-dicarboxyl­ate (bdc) dianion and two O-monodentate bdc dianions. Both the bdc species in the asymmetric unit are completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The bridging bdc dianions link the cadmium nodes into a recta­ngular grid lying parallel to (01). A network of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds helps to establish the packing