Location Management in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobility

Wireless sensor networks comprise motes which are nothing but small sensor devices. The challenging problems for motes are battery power, storage capacity, and less calculation power of the mote. In this paper developed structure for Real-Time Tracking, Sensing and Management System using IITH motes is proposed. Also the algorithm developed for location management of wireless sensor networks with the aspect of mobility is proposed. This developed framework and algorithm can be utilized in emergency events and safety threats and provides warning signals to handle the emergency

To study the role of epidural analgesia in anaemic parturients

Background: To study the safety of epidural analgesia, effect on cardiotocographic parameters, fetal outcome and obstetric outcome of epidural analgesia in anaemic parturients and maternal satisfaction as well as pain relief among antenatal cases admitted in Upper India Sugar Exchange, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, UP, India.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in anaemic parturients with cephalic presentation, singleton pregnancy having 36-42 weeks of gestation. Subjects of present study were divided into 2 groups. Control group included anaemic parturients not undergoing epidural analgesia. Study group included anaemic parturients who will be undergoing epidural analgesia. All these patients were followed up to delivery. When cervix was 3cm dilated, NST was taken 15minutes before analgesia and every 30 minutes after analgesia. Top up dose (0.0625% bupivacaine) was injected through catheter on parturients demand. For effect on CTG parameters, NST was taken 15minutes before analgesia and every 30 minutes after analgesia. Following every top up dose 10 minute monitoring for uterine contractions and effect for adequate analgesia was noted. Side effects and complaints noted at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min interval. Fetal condition was also monitored and evidence of fetal distress, on clinical and/or cardiotocographic monitoring, was recorded. Patients walking duration was recorded in relation to study time from epidural insertion to delivery time. Labour was managed and mode of delivery and time of delivery was noted. Assessment of neonatal outcome was done with the help of Apgar scoring at 1 and 5minute after delivery and NICU admissions.Results: Maximum numbers of patients are lying between age groups of 18-23 and 24-29 years and are of gestational age group 37-40 weeks in both study and control group. The duration of 1st stage of labour in maximum number of primigravida patients is 5-8 hours and in multigravida it was 2-4 hours in both epidural and control group. The visual analogue scale is according to pain perceived during the course of labour and delivery by the epidural and control group. The degree of pain relief is statistically highly significant between epidural and control groups. Occurrences of maternal tachycardia are 5 times more in cases in whom epidural analgesia was not given.Conclusions: There is no statistically significant difference in the duration of 2nd stage of labour in both the groups of primigravida as well as there is no effect on the duration of second stage of labour in multigravida parturients in both the groups. Pain relief was more in the epidural group and was more satisfied after their delivery. There was no difference in effect on fetal outcome in epidural and control groups. There was no significant effect on cardiotocographic parameters except for the fact that for about 30 minutes post epidural top-up, there was fetal bradycardia which easily subsided with conservative management with left lateral position and oxygen. Maternal tachycardia was less in epidural group. This was highly significant because anaemic parturients are more prone to develop signs of cardiac failure during labour due to increase in stroke volume due to increase in heart rate due to pain

Evaluating the validity of Golden Proportion, RED (Recurring Aesthetic Dental) Proportion and Golden Percentage in Maharashtrian Population

Context: A pleasing dental aesthetics is achieved by the maxillary anterior teeth. Restoring harmonious proportion between widths of maxillary anterior teeth is an important part of aesthetic dentistry. RED proportion and Golden Percentage are new guidelines introduced in this regards.Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of Golden Proportion, RED proportion and Golden Percentage in maxillary anterior teeth in Maharashtrian population.Methods and Material: Dentulous stone casts of maxillary arch were made of college students who met the inclusion criteriae. Total of 100 students representing Maharashtrian population were included. The width of the anterior teeth was measured using digital calliper.Statistical analysis used: The data obtained from all the above methods was entered into Microsoft Excel sheet and statistically analyzed using SPSS statistical package(SPSS 18; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).Results: Golden Proportion and RED proportion failed to validate in Maharashtrian population and so were considered unfavourable methods to determine the width of upper anterior teeth.Conclusions: By adjusting the percentage Golden proportion theory could be applied to the Maharashtrian population for better aesthetics taking into consideration the ethnicity of the population

Outcome analysis of upper and lower limb motor functions after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for degenerative cervical disc disease

Background: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for symptomatic cervical disc disease. In this study, we analysed the upper and lower limb motor functions after ACDF for disc prolapse in patients with degenerative cervical disc disease. Methods: One hundred consecutive adult patients who underwent ACDF for single or two-level cervical disc prolapse during the study period (October 2015 to October 2017) were included in the study. Results: Preoperative motor deficits in limbs were noted in 73% (73/100) of the patients. Enhance recovery of motor deficits was noted in 72.6% (53/73) of these patients and persisting motor deficits in the remaining patients (20/73- 27.4%). Five patients (5/27- 18.5%) without any preoperative motor deficits developed motor deficits after ACDF. Detailed pre and postoperative (at the time of discharge) motor power (graded by MRC grade) in all 4 limbs (Shoulder abduction/adduction/flexion/extension, elbow flexion/extension, wrist flexion/extension, hip abduction/adduction/flexion/extension, knee flexion/extension, ankle flexion/extension) was recorded. Statistically significant improvement in motor power (as recorded at the time of discharge) was noted in all the tested muscle groups after ACDF. Conclusion: Early improvement in preoperative motor deficits can be expected in the majority of the patients with cervical PIVD following ACDF

External ventricular drainage for intraventricular hemorrhage

Background: Intervention to reduce intracranial pressure using External Ventricular Drain (EVD) is a common life saving measure in a neurosurgery intensive care unit(ICU). Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the outcome of patients who underwent external ventricular drainage for intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH). Methods: The available data of the patients who underwent placement of external ventricular drain from February 2012 to May 2016 for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) at Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, was retrieved from the hospital case records and analyzed. Results: Total of 69 patients were included in this study. Mean age was 53.7 ±11.6 years. Clinical presentation included altered sensorium in 66 patients (96%), hemiparesis in 62 patients (90%) , vomiting in 40 patients (58%) and seizures in 9 patients (13%). Fifty two patients (75%) were known hypertensives and 10 patients (15%) were diabetic. Past history of smoking was recorded in 16(23%) patients and alcohol intake in 17 patients (25%). GCS at the time of admission was 3-8 (low) in 39 patients (57%), 9-12 in 23 patients(33%) and 13-15 in 7 patients (10%). At the time of admission, 60 patients ( 87%) had diastolic blood pressure more than 90 mmHg, 63 patients (91%) had systolic blood pressure more than 140 mmHg. Major site of hemorrhage was basal ganglia in 24 (35%), thalamus in 13 (19%), cerebellum in 5 (7%), brain stem in 3, frontal/temporal in 2 patients. SAH with IVH was noted in 12 patients (17%) and only IVH was noted in 10 patients (14%). Mean duration of external ventricular drainage was 4.6+1.7 days (Range 1-9 days). Mean hospital stay was 11.3±7.5 days and mean ICU stay was 8+5.4 days. Thirty eight patients (55%) died during hospital stay. At the time of discharge, poor out come (Glagow out come score 1-3) was noted in 52 patients (75%) and good out come (Glagow out come score-4,5) was noted in 17 patients. Among various parameters analyzed , poor GCS (3-8) at admission, history of smoking and alcohol intake were found to correlate significantly with poor outcome. None of the other factors like old age, site of bleed, pupillary asymmetry at admission, high blood pressure at admission, past history of hypertension and diabetes were found to correlate with poor outcome. Conclusions: Majority of the patients with intracranial hematomas with intraventricular extension presented in poor neurological condition (GCS= 3-8). Poor neurological condition at the time of admission, past history of smoking and alcohol intake were associated with poor outcome

The crossroads of work and home: linkages between smoke-free policies at work and household environments

Abstract Background Tobacco use causes over eight million global deaths annually, with seven million directly attributed to tobacco use and 1.2 million to second hand smoke (SHS). Smoke-free environments are crucial to counter SHS. Although India banned smoking in public places in 2008, SHS exposure remains high. Studies have noted that limiting smoking in workplaces, restaurants, etc., helps to reduce overall smoking and reduce SHS exposure. Under this background, the study explores the linkages between smoke-free workplaces and living in smoke-free homes in India. Methods The two rounds of the GATS India (2009-10 and 2016-17) have been used for the study. The study focuses on male tobacco smokers working indoors or outdoors or both indoors and outdoors. The sample for the study was 2,969 for GATS 1 and 2,801 for GATS 2. Dependent variables include living in a smoke-free home, while the independent variables were adherence to a smoke-free office policy and socio-demographic variables. The two rounds of the GATS data were pooled for analysis. Statistical analysis involves bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results Findings reveal that 41% of respondents worked in smoke-free workplaces in GATS 2. Nationally, smoke-free homes increased from 35% in 2009–2010 to 44% in 2016-17. Individuals with smoke-free workplaces were more likely to have smoke-free homes. The Southern region consistently exhibited the highest proportion of smoke-free homes. Urban areas and higher education correlated with increased smoke-free homes. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that workplace smoke-free status is a significant predictor of smoke-free homes. In GATS 2, respondents aged 30 years and above were less likely to have smoke-free homes, while education and Southern region residence positively influenced smoke-free homes. Conclusions The correlation between smoke-free workplaces and smoke-free homes is linked to stringent workplace no-smoking policies, potentially deterring individuals from smoking at home. Opportunities exist for the expansion and stringent implementation of the smoke-free policies among Indian working adults, leveraging the workplace as a key setting for evidence-based tobacco control. The study highlights positive trends in India’s smoke-free homes, crediting workplace policies. Effective policies, education, and regional strategies can advance smoke-free homes, stressing the pivotal role of workplace policies and advocating broader implementation

To study the role of epidural analgesia in anaemic parturients

Background: To study the safety of epidural analgesia, effect on cardiotocographic parameters, fetal outcome and obstetric outcome of epidural analgesia in anaemic parturients and maternal satisfaction as well as pain relief among antenatal cases admitted in Upper India Sugar Exchange, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, UP, India.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in anaemic parturients with cephalic presentation, singleton pregnancy having 36-42 weeks of gestation. Subjects of present study were divided into 2 groups. Control group included anaemic parturients not undergoing epidural analgesia. Study group included anaemic parturients who will be undergoing epidural analgesia. All these patients were followed up to delivery. When cervix was 3cm dilated, NST was taken 15minutes before analgesia and every 30 minutes after analgesia. Top up dose (0.0625% bupivacaine) was injected through catheter on parturients demand. For effect on CTG parameters, NST was taken 15minutes before analgesia and every 30 minutes after analgesia. Following every top up dose 10 minute monitoring for uterine contractions and effect for adequate analgesia was noted. Side effects and complaints noted at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min interval. Fetal condition was also monitored and evidence of fetal distress, on clinical and/or cardiotocographic monitoring, was recorded. Patients walking duration was recorded in relation to study time from epidural insertion to delivery time. Labour was managed and mode of delivery and time of delivery was noted. Assessment of neonatal outcome was done with the help of Apgar scoring at 1 and 5minute after delivery and NICU admissions.Results: Maximum numbers of patients are lying between age groups of 18-23 and 24-29 years and are of gestational age group 37-40 weeks in both study and control group. The duration of 1st stage of labour in maximum number of primigravida patients is 5-8 hours and in multigravida it was 2-4 hours in both epidural and control group. The visual analogue scale is according to pain perceived during the course of labour and delivery by the epidural and control group. The degree of pain relief is statistically highly significant between epidural and control groups. Occurrences of maternal tachycardia are 5 times more in cases in whom epidural analgesia was not given.Conclusions: There is no statistically significant difference in the duration of 2nd stage of labour in both the groups of primigravida as well as there is no effect on the duration of second stage of labour in multigravida parturients in both the groups. Pain relief was more in the epidural group and was more satisfied after their delivery. There was no difference in effect on fetal outcome in epidural and control groups. There was no significant effect on cardiotocographic parameters except for the fact that for about 30 minutes post epidural top-up, there was fetal bradycardia which easily subsided with conservative management with left lateral position and oxygen. Maternal tachycardia was less in epidural group. This was highly significant because anaemic parturients are more prone to develop signs of cardiac failure during labour due to increase in stroke volume due to increase in heart rate due to pain

Channel assignment for wireless networks modelled as d-dimensional square grids

Abstract. In this paper, we study the problem of channel assignment for wireless networks modelled as d-dimensional grids. In particular, for d-dimensional square grids, we present optimal assignments that achieve a channel separation of 2 for adjacent stations where the reuse distance is 3 or 4. We also introduce the notion of a colouring schema for ddimensional square grids, and present an algorithm that assigns colours to the vertices of the grid satisfying the schema constraints.