Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Forming Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran

The author analyzes the influence of the ideas of Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, the leader and founder of the Islamic revolution of 1979 in Iran, on the formation of the main directions and principles of Iranian foreign policy in the context of the first ten years of the Islamic state in Iran. Specific examples show the attitude of Ayatollah Khomeini to foreign policy issues in the years of the anti-Shah movement in Iran, as well as the final form of his system doctrine after the 1979 revolution. Considering in a comparative perspective the foreign policy priorities of the Shah and the Islamic regime, the author focuses on the metamorphoses of Iranian diplomacy of the 1980s. It is noted that the Islamic Republic has declared its priority the strengthening relations and cooperation with the Muslim world, as well as ideological, economic and military-political opposition to the West. At the same time, Khomeini’s pragmatic approach to practical politics is shown, which in many cases had serious differences with his theoretical ideas about the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic

CALCULATION OF MATRIX CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE USE OF PARALLEL COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

Increasing the number of vehicles has led to urban congestion, many hours of traffic jams, obstruction of pedestrian traffic, increase the number of accidents, etc. Therefore, the importance of gaining the optimum network planning, improved traffic management, optimization of the system of public transport routes. The solution of such problems is impossible without mathematical modeling of traffic flows. An important task of modeling is to calculate the trip distribution. In this paper, we develop a program for calculating trip distribution using parallel computing technologies. The application of these technologies will improve the efficiency of simulation, increase accuracy and speed of the algorithm

Digital Economy and Actual Tasks of its Staffing in Russia

The article defines the concept and essence of the digital economy, the classical and broad interpretation of this concept. The article examines the place of Russia in the development of digital technologies and the reasons for its lagging behind the leading countries, as well as the benefits of the development of digital technologies for the national economy and social sphere. The OECD approach to the modern structure of the digital economy and the main EU initiatives in its development are presented. The key levels of the new program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation», the priority project «Modern digital educational environment in the Russian Federation» and the tasks of personnel support of the digital economy development are analyzed

The influence of nonionic surfactants and B-cyclodextrin on the state of 5-phenylthio-8-mercaptoquinoline in aqueous media

© Research India Publications 2015. Using spectrophotometry method the condition of 5-phenylthio-8-mercaptoquinoline within a wide pH range (pH 0-10) was studied in water, the aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant Brij35 and β-cyclodextrin (βCD). It was found that in water within the range of pH = 2-6 5-phenylthio-8-mercaptoquinoline is poorly soluble after the self-association of zwitterionic (HR ±) reagent forms. In other areas of pH the aqueous solutions of the reagent are transparent due to the transition of zwitterions in protonated (H2R+) or anionic (R-) form. The spectral parameters of mercaptoquinoline in surfactant solutions or cyclodextrin were similar to the observed ones in aqueous, strongly acidic and alkaline environments. However, in neutral and slightly acidic pH areas the spectra of the reagent differed greatly in the presence of βCD and Brij35. The latter allowed to suggest that due to the different polarity of the mercaptoquinoline microenvironment in surfactant solutions and βCD various tautomeric forms of the reagent are stabilized. The molecular form (HR) is realized in the micellar environment, and the presence of cyclodextrin stabilizes the zwitterionic form (± HR), which proves the presence of a chromophore node in an aqueous medium. By varying the ratio of Brij35 and βCD in the neutral pH range, it is possible to observe the corresponding tautomeric transition. The comparison of 5-phenylthio-8-mercaptoquinoline absorption spectra results in various environments allowed to identify the spectral parameters and pH range of different reagent forms. The mathematical processing of optical density absorbance dependencies on pH showed that Brij35 supplements, unlike βCD ones, change the acid-base properties of a reagent by micelle solubilization. The influence of cyclodextrin is explained by the formation of "guest-host" complex with the phenyl substitute of 5-phenyltio-8-mercaptoquinoline. As micelle forming surfactants so as cyclodextrins may be used to increase the solubility of 8-mercaptoquinoline aromatic derivatives in water

Polyethyleneimine-modified iron oxide nanoparticles: their synthesis and state in water and in solutions of ligands

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Water-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are synthesized from oleate-stabilized particles (IONPs-OA) by replacing oleate moieties with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Investigation of the obtained composite nanoparticles by TEM, SEM, and AFM methods demonstrated that the parent IONPs-OA particles have a narrow size distribution and that the size of the magnetite core (4.3 nm) was retained in the polyethyleneimine modified IONPs-PEI nanoparticles (4.5 nm). IONPs-PEI exist in the form of separate nanoparticles distributed in the bulk polymer matrix as well as elongated chains (up to 20 nm in length) consisting of 3–6 nanoparticles, and mostly in the form of large clusters (~ 150 nm). The NMR relaxometric properties of IONPs-PEI in the water at various pHs are determined. Relaxivity of such modified nanoparticles remains constant over a wide pH range (3–9) and decreases only in strongly alkaline solutions due to the destruction processes. In the presence of physiological amounts of NaCl (0.15 M), the relaxivity of IONPs-PEI solutions is reduced by 37%. The effect of the addition of various iron(III) chelators is analyzed. Tiron (disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate) is the only ligand which destroys the polymer-bound IONP system in solution, dissolving the iron oxide core, while other ligands (3,4-DHB, 2,4-DHB, citric acid) do not reduce the relaxation of the composite aqueous solution. The developed polyethyleneimine-modified iron oxide nanoparticles can be regarded as a promising model of a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Magnetic Relaxation Probing of the State of Diheptyl Dithiophosphate Ions in Water and Aqueous Triton X-100 Solutions

The nuclear magnetic relaxation was used to study the state of diheptyl dithiophosphoric acid (D7DTP, L7) anions in water and aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant, Ttiton X-100, at 298 K in the presence of paramagnetic probes, Mn2+ ions. It was found that increase in the spin-lattice relaxation rate of water protons is caused by formation of simple and mixed (with surfactant) aggregates of D7DTP. Unlike the Mn2+-sodium dodecyl sulfate -Triton X-100 system, studied previously an influence of a probe concentration was found at surfactant concentration close to the CMC. It was suggested that two types of mixed species containing diheptyl dithiophosphate ions, Mn(II), and nonionic surfactant can be formed: micellar aggregates, {Mn(L7)2(TX)}, and polynuclear associates, [Mnx(L7)y(tx)z]. The associates likely contain surfactant in the form of monomers (tx)

Modern teaching tendencies of critical thinking forming of university students

© 2016, Econjournals. All rights reserved.The significance of the research problem is conditioned by the influence of global mass media on personality, providing it a unique ability to access information from anywhere in the world. To achieve the state when the identity of the student can feel confident in the process of choice and decision making, it is important to teach students the skills of critical thinking. In this regard, this paper is aimed to identify trends in didactic and pedagogical solutions to the problem. A leading research method is a constructive monitoring that allows using for the concept of “critical thinking” of the modern sense, due to the characteristics of the global information environment. The paper reveals the typology of thinking, the structure and content of its kinds; reveals peculiarities of process of formation of students’ critical thinking, defining transformations of the learning content (interdisciplinary units) and learning technologies (interactive, design, computer); justifies the set of didactic tendencies of forming of students’ critical thinking. Productivity of the revealed complex of didactic tendencies for students’ critical thinking formation is proved. The paper submissions can be useful for teachers, listeners of the system of qualification’s improvement and retraining of teachers, methodologists, post-graduates and University students

Interaction between nickel(II) and anions of short-chain dialkyl dithiphosphoric acids in aqueous surfactant solutions

Spectrophotometry was used to study the complexation of nickel(II) with anions L- of diisopropyl and dibutyl dithiophosphoric acids in water and aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (T). Weak bis-complexes [NiL2], whose formation are stimulated by the addition of nonionic surfactant, were found in water. Within the framework of simple model including equilibria of the formation of micelle-bound complexes {[NiL2]T} and ligand associates {LT2 - }, the values of log K = 3.87 ± 0.01 and 1.3 ± 0.3 for diisopropyl dithiophosphoric acid anions and log K = 5.47 ± 0.03 and 2.8 ± 0.2 for dibutyl dithiophosphoric acid anions, respectively, were calculated. The obtained results showed that the stability of associates of hydrophobic anions of dialkyl dithiophosphates and their nickel bis-complexes with nonionic micelles increases with the length of ligand chain

NMR paramagnetic probing of polymer solutions using manganese(II) ions

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Nuclear magnetic relaxation studies show that manganese(II) ions can serve as paramagnetic probes for investigation of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes (polystyrene sulfonate and polyethylenimine) and their mixtures. The analysis of the measured rates of spin–lattice (R 1 ) and spin–spin (R 2 ) relaxations reveals the differences in the binding character of manganese(II) ions with polystyrene sulfonate and polyethylenimine. In a mixture of the polymers in acidic and neutral media, manganese(II) forms two types of ternary complexes. Using the suggested method for definition of the hydration degree of a coordination sphere of the bound probe ions, the number of water molecules in the first sphere of the polymer-bound manganese(II) ions is found on the basis of the value of the R 2 /R 1 ratio

Complexation of GdIII with tetra-p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arenoic acid in micellar media

The conditions for the formation of gadolinium(III) complexes possessing high relaxivity with various tetraacid stereoisomers based on p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene in micellar solutions of nonionic surfactants were established. The acid-base properties of individual isomers of the ligand were studied by pH-metric titration and UV spectroscopy. The composition and stability constants of the solubilized gadolinium(III) complexes with the obtained thiacalixarenes were determined using computer simulation of the NMR relaxation data. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc