Optimized learned entropy coding parameters for practical neural-based image and video compression

Neural-based image and video codecs are significantly more power-efficient when weights and activations are quantized to low-precision integers. While there are general-purpose techniques for reducing quantization effects, large losses can occur when specific entropy coding properties are not considered. This work analyzes how entropy coding is affected by parameter quantizations, and provides a method to minimize losses. It is shown that, by using a certain type of coding parameters to be learned, uniform quantization becomes practically optimal, also simplifying the minimization of code memory requirements. The mathematical properties of the new representation are presented, and its effectiveness is demonstrated by coding experiments, showing that good results can be obtained with precision as low as 4~bits per network output, and practically no loss with 8~bits.Comment: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP

Guided Imagery to Improve Mental Health in Cancer Patients with Chemotherapy: Literature Review

Aims: The purpose of this study was to review the research literature related to the use of Guided imagery on the mental health of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: The design of this review is a literature review. Five quantitative experimental articles and RCTs were obtained from the database: PubMed, Proquest, Clinicalkey nursing, Science Direct, with the criteria of experimental articles providing guided imagery interventions for chemotherapy patients, published 2011-2021, in English and Indonesian. Results: The findings of this review article were guided imagery intervention, two articles combined PMR relaxation, and three articles carried out guided imagery with deep breath relaxation. The duration of guided imagery differed in some studies from 15 minutes to 30 minutes with various sessions either supervised or conducted independently with compact disc (CD) recordings. The results of the findings that guided imagery can reduce mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Conclusion: Guided imagery is a practical, easy, and simple action that can be taken to reduce mental health problems in cancer patients with chemotherapy

Digital image compression.

Due to the rapid growth in information handling and transmission, there is a serious demand for more efficient data compression schemes. compression schemes address themselves to speech, visual and alphanumeric coded data. This thesis is concerned with the compression of visual data given in the form of still or moving pictures. such data is highly correlated spatially and in the context domain. A detailed study of some existing data compression systems is presented, in particular, the performance of DPCM was analysed by computer simulation, and the results examined both subjectively and objectively. The adaptive form of the prediction encoder is discussed and two new algorithms proposed, which increase the definition of the compressed image and reduce the overall mean square error. Two novel systems are proposed for image compression. The first is a bit plane image coding system based on a hierarchic quadtree structure in a transmission domain, using the Hadamard transform as a kernel. Good compression has been achieved from this scheme, particularly for images with low detail. The second scheme uses a learning automata to predict the probability distribution of the grey levels of an image related to its spatial context and position. An optimal reward/punishment function is proposed such that the automata converges to its steady state within 4000 iterations • such a high speed of convergence together with Huffman coding results in efficient compression for images and is shown to be applicable to other types of data. . The performance and evaluation of all the proposed .'systems have been tested by computer simulation and the results presented both quantitatively and qualitatively."The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed and suggestions for improvement. given

Climate Driven Changes to Malaria Transmission Patterns in Ethiopian Highlands

In the highlands of East Africa, the most populated regions in Africa, temperature is assumed to be intimately connected to the patterns of malaria both in time and space. A large section of the Ethiopian population in this region has historically been shielded from the disease mainly due to the altitudes in the highland regions that have remained free of the disease. However, the region has also seen a large part of its population being affected by malaria in epidemic outbreaks that seem to follow climatic anomalies, especially those of inter-annual increases in temperature. This project examines the inter-annual variability in the distribution of disease incidence over space and explores how changes in these distributions correlate to corresponding climate variability. By using extensive records of disease cases at high spatial resolution, it explores how population at the high end of the disease transmission range is affected by inter-annual climate variability. It further examines factors at play in the persistence of the disease in these low-transmission highland fringes to draw lessons for better targeting of interventions. With lessons learnt from the micro-scale investigations of associations between spread of the disease and generalizable factors, especially climatic factors, the project scales up to the national level to explore the risk of malaria transmission among the Ethiopian population, and how these risks have changed with the observed climatic factors in the last few decades. Finally, it quantifies the potential impacts of climate change on the spatial spread and intensity of malaria incidence and risks in a country whose population has doubled in the last 30 years. In chapter two, at a micro-scale and with high resolution disease and climate data, we examine the impact of inter-annual climate variation on the spatial distribution of malaria incidence over time. With the looming climate change in mind, we examine and infer what this could mean for the future. The impact of global warming on insect-borne diseases and on highland malaria in particular remains controversial. Temperature is known to influence transmission intensity through its effects on the population growth of the mosquito vector and on pathogen development within the vector. Spatio-temporal data at a regional scale in the highlands of Ethiopia provide an opportunity to examine how the spatial distribution of the disease changes with the interannual variability of temperature. We provide evidence for an increase in altitude of the malaria distribution in warmer years. This implies that climate change will, without mitigation, result in an increase of the malaria burden in the densely populated highlands of Africa and other regions with similar conditions. In chapter three, we stay at the same scale as in Paper II, and explore factors that explain the persistence of malaria in this low transmission epidemic prone region. A better understanding of malaria\u27s persistence in highly seasonal environments such as highlands and desert fringes requires identifying the factors behind the spatial and temporal reservoir of the pathogen in the low transmission season. In these \u27unstable\u27 malaria regions, such reservoirs play a critical role during the low transmission season by allowing persistence between seasonal outbreaks. In the highlands of East Africa, the most populated epidemic regions in Africa, temperature is expected to be intimately connected to spatial persistence because of pronounced altitudinal gradients. It is not clear, however, that variation in altitude is in itself sufficient to explain persistence of the disease during the low season, and that other environmental and demographic factors, in particular population density are not also major factors. We address this question with an extensive spatio-temporal data set of confirmed monthly Plasmodium falciparum cases from 1995 to 2005 that finely resolves space in an Ethiopian highland. Using a Bayesian approach for parameter estimation and a generalized linear mixed model that includes a spatially-structured random effect, we demonstrate that population density is important to disease persistence during the low transmission season. As malaria risk usually decreases in more urban environments with increased human densities, this counter-intuitive finding identifies novel control targets during the low transmission season in African highlands. It also underscores limitations of current coupled vector-host models of the population dynamics of the disease, which do not typically incorporate an explicit effect of population density. In chapter four, we scale-up to the national level and explore the use of climate factors to quantify spatially explicit malaria risk for Ethiopia. Climate suitability for malaria transmission has been used to account for Africa\u27s continental distribution of the disease and to estimate the potential effects of climate change. So far, the limited application of the standard suitability index on smaller spatial scales, and the coarse resolution of future climate scenarios, which can overestimate malaria suitability, have hampered adequate estimation of the regional impact of global warming in the highly populated African highlands. In this chapter we intend to validate the existing African malaria Suitability index for Ethiopian conditions in order to study potential shifts in the epidemiology of malaria with past and predicted warming. With a modified suitability index for Ethiopia, we estimate that since the 1970s 12% of the rural population has become exposed to the disease, and 7% of the rural population who live in areas above 1000m. shifted into the stable malaria category. These figures reflect less than 1 degrees of warming that have occurred between 1975 and 2010. With 2 and 3 degrees of additional warming possible in the 21th century, the proportion of Ethiopia\u27s population safe from malaria is likely to decrease to 10% and 5% respectively from 31% in the pre-1990 baseline assessment. At the same time, endemic stable malaria is predicted to affect 51% and 64% of the population respectively compared to 22% pre-1990s. With a shifting uphill burden of malaria, epidemic risk will occur in vulnerable populations without previous disease exposure. This risk will materialize in exceptionally warm years that can now be forecasted with reasonable accuracy; epidemic warning and timely intervention should be able to avoid severe morbidity and mortality. However, the populations that are shifted into the stable malaria category due to warming will have to rely on the continuation of assistance that has alleviated Ethiopia\u27s malaria burden in the last decade, and future scientific progress to improve malaria control and keep ahead of developing drug and insecticide resistance. Despite applying a 50% reduction in malaria caused mortality to account for the reported progress achieved in Africa since 2000, we conservatively estimate that 2521 children and 1646 adults (above 15 years of age) die in Ethiopia each year from warming that has occurred so far. At current levels of technology, control effort and population in Ethiopia, a 3 degree increase in temperature would result in an eight fold increase in these figures

Analisis Kandungan Kalsium Karbonat (CaCO3) Batu Gamping Di Kelurahan Bontoa Kecamatan Minasate’ne Kabupaten Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan

The research had been carried out with the aim of finding out and analyzing the quality of the calcium carbonate content (CaCO3) of limestone as a raw material for making marble. To determine the CaCO3 content, the method was using gravimetric method by weighing empty beaker mass parameter, and the mass of sample and beaker plus HCl 2N level as the final mass after the reaction. The used sample consist of two blocks, they were block one on the coordinate point of 4º48’-4º51’ LS and 119º35’-119º37’ BT and block two on the coordinate point of 4º47’-4º51’ LS and 119º37’-119º39’ BT. The sampling technique was using a chisel and hammer. The result of the research shows that the average of CaCO3 content at the two sampling points was obtained each of 85,530 % and 84,6897%. It is obtained that the level of CaCO3 in the limestone meets the Standar Industri Indonesia (SII) requirement, which is above 50% and it means that the sampling point in Bontoa village, Minasate’ne district, Pangkajene  Regency and Island able to be used as marble raw material

Perencanaan Traffic Light Pada Simpang Jl. Purnama – Jl. M.sohor -Jl. Letjen Sutoyo Kota Pontianak

Junction is the meeting of three or more roads or intersect on the urban road network system. In the high volume of traffic, especially at rush hour at the intersection of often conflicting traffic flows that can be dangerous for road users. This can be seen from the congestion that occurs in the main streets and intersections unresolved generally in Pontianak, particularly at the intersection of Jl. Purnama - Jl. M.Sohor - Jl. Lt. Sutoyo although the police have to work extra hard regulate traffic, but traffic jams still occur. Based on this, the purpose of the writing of this study was to analyze and evaluate the existing condition of the crossing and arranging intersections into traffic light settings. So we get the planning traffic light at the intersection. In writing this study researchers used survey methodology, namely to observe the conditions on the location of the intersection of Jl. Purnama - Jl. M.Sohor - Jl. Lt. Sutoyo and collection of secondary data, the flow of motor vehicle traffic. Then compile the data that has been collected is processed by using theoretical calculations Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997 quantitatively. Furthermore, the data that has been processed is the basis of researchers in preparing the plan of arrangement traffic lights that comply with the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997. Based on the data collected, from both primary and secondary data So to evaluate the performance crossroads M.Sohor, Purnama road and street Lt. Sutoyo as follows: threshold of traffic flow at crossroads M.Sohor, Purnama road and street Lt. Sutoyo ie 1498 smp / hour, which exceeds the terms of the criteria of an intersection, ie> 750 vehicles / hour, so it needs to re-planning to organize the intersection with the traffic light settings. From planning the traffic light settings in 2016, then obtained a green signal, namely Jl. Purnama 40 sec, Jl. M.Sohor 10s, and Jl. Lt. Sutoyo 25 sec. Based on the projected growth in traffic in 2016 the degree of saturation (DS) is 0.868

Presenting the Archaeological Evidence in Aceh: International Trade Perspective

Aceh province, Indonesia. It shows that the ceramics fragment proves the connection of trade between Aceh and Southeast Asia. These specific ceramics originally come from mainland China, Thai and Vietnam. The current founding of ceramics in Malaysian Peninsula including Kedah, Melaka, and Johor confirm the similarities. It reaffirms that Aceh was the hub of international trade. This study used exploratory research approach. This approach with the narrative perspective to examine what ceramics tells us around 13th until 15th CE regarding to international trading in Lamreh, Aceh. The research will give the new perspective on historical record based on archaeological evidences. Previous researches are mainly focussing on record from international explorers. This study will help us to understand possibility to connect Aceh as part of ASEAN community to build a new international trade hub in Aceh

Boosting neural video codecs by exploiting hierarchical redundancy

In video compression, coding efficiency is improved by reusing pixels from previously decoded frames via motion and residual compensation. We define two levels of hierarchical redundancy in video frames: 1) first-order: redundancy in pixel space, i.e., similarities in pixel values across neighboring frames, which is effectively captured using motion and residual compensation, 2) second-order: redundancy in motion and residual maps due to smooth motion in natural videos. While most of the existing neural video coding literature addresses first-order redundancy, we tackle the problem of capturing second-order redundancy in neural video codecs via predictors. We introduce generic motion and residual predictors that learn to extrapolate from previously decoded data. These predictors are lightweight, and can be employed with most neural video codecs in order to improve their rate-distortion performance. Moreover, while RGB is the dominant colorspace in neural video coding literature, we introduce general modifications for neural video codecs to embrace the YUV420 colorspace and report YUV420 results. Our experiments show that using our predictors with a well-known neural video codec leads to 38% and 34% bitrate savings in RGB and YUV420 colorspaces measured on the UVG dataset.Comment: WACV 202