Monetary behavior theory in long-term and turbulent conditions on the Russian Ruble

In this study, based on the monetary behavior theory, which considers the mean and standard deviation of GDP per capita besides the inflation difference between two countries, we first present a model for determining the fair value of the Russian ruble in the long run from 1999 to 2021 based on macroeconomic indicators including inflation, and GDP per capita. And then we modeled the effect of widespread Russian economic sanctions on the value of the Russian ruble during the turbulent days of February 9 to April 9. Our research results show that there is not much difference between market value and fair value in the long run. Also, by observing the behavior of the ruble during the turbulent days of February 25, 2022, to April 26, 2022, and by entering the conditional risk factor and weighted average of the ruble, the USD to ruble equality between 76.23 and 91.6 was evaluate

Trade War and the Balanced Trade-Monetary Theory

One of the longest-lasting controversies in the international macroeconomic literature is the purchasing power parity theory. It is the most controversial subject that has been tested with various econometric models in different timeframes and geographic data sets. It is a common assumption used regarding the exchange rate and the validity of the Law of One Price. The present article aimed to present a new model to estimate the fair value of exchange rate which is one of the most critical factors in trade balance among countries, based on balanced trade-monetary theory by assessing the under or over-valuation of currencies. We can assume that a country with a strong economy should have strong money and vice versa. The results showed undervaluation of the dollar versus Yuan, Pound and Yen by 1.41, 1.149, and 1.126 times, respectively in 2018. Therefore, among the U.K., China, and Japan, Japan and the U.K. had a better trade balance with the U.S. than Chin