Impact of food processing on the allergenic properties of amylase trypsin inhibitors from wheat

Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) play an important role in wheat allergies and potentially in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity. Food processing could be important to mitigate the pathogenic properties of ATIs, e.g., by denaturation, glycation, enzymatic hydrolysis, cross-linking, and oxidation and reduction. These modifications also impact the solubility and extractability. The complex solubility behaviour of ATI isoforms (water and salt soluble, but also chloroform–methanol soluble, solubility depending on the redox state) becomes even more complex upon processing due to denaturation and (bio)chemical modifications. This significantly hinders the feasibility of quantitative extraction. Moreover, changes in biofunctionality may occur during the process of extraction, and the changes in ATI due to food processing will be more difficult to assess. Heat treatment decreases the extractability of ATIs with water, NaCl, and other buffer extracts, and binding of IgE from wheat-allergic persons to ATIs as observed with Western blotting is decreased or absent. IgE binding is reduced with the total extract in chaotropic and reducing agents. However, it can be increased when the proteins are hydrolyzed by proteases. Fermentation involving certain species of Fructolactobacilli (FLB), followed by baking, decreases the amount of ATIs and IgE binding to ATIs. In yeast-fermented bread, the amount of ATIs decreased in a similar manner, but IgE binding was more prominent, indicating that there was a modification of ATIs that affected the epitope recognition. When isolated ATIs are ingested with high ATI degrading FLB, the immune response in mice is less elevated in vivo, when compared with ATI without high ATI degrading FLB. The pathogenic effects on the skin of dogs and one wheat-allergic child are also decreased when soluble proteins or isolated ATIs are reduced with the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase NADPH system. Glycation on the other hand has been shown to potentiate the allergenic properties of ATIs as evidenced by the large increase in IgE binding. The impact of food processing on the pathogenic properties of ATIs is hardly studied in vivo in humans. There seem to be opportunities to mitigate the pathogenic properties in vitro, but potentiation of pathogenic properties is also frequently observed. This requires a deeper understanding on the impact of food processing on the pathogenicity of ATIs

Identification and in silico bioinformatics analysis of PR10 proteins in cashew nut

Proteins from cashew nut can elicit mild to severe allergic reactions. Three allergenic proteins have already been identified, and it is expected that additional allergens are present in cashew nut. pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) allergens from pollen have been found to elicit similar allergic reactions as those from nuts and seeds. Therefore, we investigated the presence of PR10 genes in cashew nut. Using RNA-seq analysis, we were able to identify several PR10-like transcripts in cashew nut and cl

The secretome of Agaricus bisporus: Temporal dynamics of plant polysaccharides and lignin degradation

Despite substantial lignocellulose conversion during mycelial growth, previous transcriptome and proteome studies have not yet revealed how secretomes from the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus develop and whether they modify lignin models in vitro. To clarify these aspects, A. bisporus secretomes collected throughout a 15-day industrial substrate production and from axenic lab-cultures were subjected to proteomics, and tested on polysaccharides and lignin models. Secretomes (day 6-15) comprised A. bisporus endo-acting and substituent-removing glycoside hydrolases, whereas β-xylosidase and glucosidase activities gradually decreased. Laccases appeared from day 6 onwards. From day 10 onwards, many oxidoreductases were found, with numerous multicopper oxidases (MCO), aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO), glyoxal oxidases (GLOX), a manganese peroxidase (MnP), and unspecific peroxygenases (UPO). Secretomes modified dimeric lignin models, thereby catalyzing syringylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (SBG) cleavage, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GBG) polymerization, and non-phenolic veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (VBG) oxidation. We explored A. bisporus secretomes and insights obtained can help to better understand biomass valorization

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber ageing induces changes in the proteome and antioxidants associated with the sprouting pattern

During post-harvest storage, potato tubers age as they undergo an evolution of their physiological state influencing their sprouting pattern. In the present study, physiological and biochemical approaches were combined to provide new insights on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) tuber ageing. An increase in the physiological age index (PAI) value from 0.14 to 0.83 occurred during storage at 4 °C over 270 d. Using this reference frame, a proteomic approach was followed based on two-dimensional electrophoresis. In the experimental conditions of this study, a marked proteolysis of patatin occurred after the PAI reached a value of 0.6. In parallel, several glycolytic enzymes were up-regulated and cellular components influencing protein conformation and the response to stress were altered. The equilibrium between the 20S and 26S forms of the proteasome was modified, the 20S form that recycles oxidized proteins being up-regulated. Two proteins belonging to the cytoskeleton were also differentially expressed during ageing. As most of these changes are also observed in an oxidative stress context, an approach focused on antioxidant compounds and enzymes as well as oxidative damage on polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins was conducted. All the changes observed during ageing seemed to allow the potato tubers to maintain their radical scavenging activity until the end of the storage period as no accumulation of oxidative damage was observed. These data are interpreted considering the impact of reactive oxygen species on the development and the behaviour of other plant systems undergoing ageing or senescence processes

The Knight of Malta

BACKGROUND: For most women, participation in decision-making during maternity care has a positive impact on their childbirth experiences. Shared decision-making (SDM) is widely advocated as a way to support people in their healthcare choices. The aim of this study was to identify quality criteria and professional competencies for applying shared decision-making in maternity care. We focused on decision-making in everyday maternity care practice for healthy women. METHODS: An international three-round web-based Delphi study was conducted. The Delphi panel included international experts in SDM and in maternity care: mostly midwives, and additionally obstetricians, educators, researchers, policy makers and representatives of care users. Round 1 contained open-ended questions to explore relevant ingredients for SDM in maternity care and to identify the competencies needed for this. In rounds 2 and 3, experts rated statements on quality criteria and competencies on a 1 to 7 Likert-scale. A priori, positive consensus was defined as 70% or more of the experts scoring >/=6 (70% panel agreement). RESULTS: Consensus was reached on 45 quality criteria statements and 4 competency statements. SDM in maternity care is a dynamic process that starts in antenatal care and ends after birth. Experts agreed that the regular visits during pregnancy offer opportunities to build a relationship, anticipate situations and revisit complex decisions. Professionals need to prepare women antenatally for unexpected, urgent decisions in birth and revisit these decisions postnatally. Open and respectful communication between women and care professionals is essential; information needs to be accurate, evidence-based and understandable to women. Experts were divided about the contribution of professional advice in shared decision-making and about the partner's role. CONCLUSIONS: SDM in maternity care is a dynamic process that takes into consideration women's individual needs and the context of the pregnancy or birth. The identified ingredients for good quality SDM will help practitioners to apply SDM in practice and educators to prepare (future) professionals for SDM, contributing to women's positive birth experience and satisfaction with care

Protein Inference Using Peptide Quantification Patterns

Determining the list of proteins present in a sample, based on the list of identified peptides, is a crucial step in the untargeted proteomics LC–MS/MS data-processing pipeline. This step, commonly referred to as protein inference, turns out to be a very challenging problem because many peptide sequences are found across multiple proteins. Current protein inference engines typically use peptide to spectrum match (PSM) quality measures and spectral count information to score protein identifications in LC–MS/MS data sets. This is, however, not enough to confidently validate or otherwise rule out many of the proteins. Here we introduce the basis for a new way of performing protein inference based on accurate quantification patterns of identified peptides using the correlation of these patterns to validate peptide to protein matches. For the first implementation of this new approach, we focused on (1) distinguishing between unambiguously and ambiguously identified proteins and (2) generating hypotheses for the discrimination of subsets of the ambiguously identified proteins. Our preprocessing pipelines support both labeled LC–MS/MS or label-free LC–MS followed by LC–MS/MS providing the peptide quantification. We apply our procedure to two published data sets and show that it is able to detect and infer proteins that would otherwise not be confidently inferred

Protein Inference Using Peptide Quantification Patterns

Determining the list of proteins present in a sample, based on the list of identified peptides, is a crucial step in the untargeted proteomics LC–MS/MS data-processing pipeline. This step, commonly referred to as protein inference, turns out to be a very challenging problem because many peptide sequences are found across multiple proteins. Current protein inference engines typically use peptide to spectrum match (PSM) quality measures and spectral count information to score protein identifications in LC–MS/MS data sets. This is, however, not enough to confidently validate or otherwise rule out many of the proteins. Here we introduce the basis for a new way of performing protein inference based on accurate quantification patterns of identified peptides using the correlation of these patterns to validate peptide to protein matches. For the first implementation of this new approach, we focused on (1) distinguishing between unambiguously and ambiguously identified proteins and (2) generating hypotheses for the discrimination of subsets of the ambiguously identified proteins. Our preprocessing pipelines support both labeled LC–MS/MS or label-free LC–MS followed by LC–MS/MS providing the peptide quantification. We apply our procedure to two published data sets and show that it is able to detect and infer proteins that would otherwise not be confidently inferred

Impaired myocardial t-PA release in patients with coronary artery disease

AIMS: Myocardial ischemia remains a significant perioperative complication in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We hypothesized that noxious stimuli during major surgery are associated with an acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) into the coronary circulation, and that this response is reduced by CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two patient groups, with (n=14) and without (n=8) CAD, were studied during the initial phase of heart surgery. After retrograde great cardiac vein catheterizations during closed-chest conditions, coronary arterial-venous concentration gradients of t-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were measured together with coronary blood flow measurements, allowing derivation of coronary net release rates. Pre-surgery atrial pacing, performed to evaluate the influence of increases in heart rate (+ 40 beats/min) and coronary blood flow (+ 80 ml/min), did not significantly alter coronary net release of t-PA or PAI-1 in either patient group. Sternotomy induced a prominent increase in coronary net release of both total and active t-PA in the non-CAD group. This response was considerably reduced in the CAD group. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first analysis of coronary t-PA release during major surgery and demonstrates a deficient local endothelial t-PA release in patients with CAD. This suggests a reduced local fibrinolytic capacity in CAD patients, which may explain the increased risk for coronary thrombosis in this patient group.Osterlund, B Jern, S Jern, C Seeman-Lodding, H Ostman, M Johansson, G Biber, B Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008 Nov;52(10):1375-84

Wheat ATIs : Characteristics and Role in Human Disease

Amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) comprise about 2-4% of the total wheat grain proteins and may contribute to natural defense against pests and pathogens. However, they are currently among the most widely studied wheat components because of their proposed role in adverse reactions to wheat consumption in humans. ATIs have long been known to contribute to IgE-mediated allergy (notably Bakers' asthma), but interest has increased since 2012 when they were shown to be able to trigger the innate immune system, with attention focused on their role in coeliac disease which affects about 1% of the population and, more recently, in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity which may affect up to 10% of the population. This has led to studies of their structure, inhibitory properties, genetics, control of expression, behavior during processing, effects on human adverse reactions to wheat and, most recently, strategies to modify their expression in the plant using gene editing. We therefore present an integrated account of this range of research, identifying inconsistencies, and gaps in our knowledge and identifying future research needs. Note This paper is the outcome of an invited international ATI expert meeting held in Amsterdam, February 3-5 2020Peer reviewe