SESONAL VARIATION IN THE NATUTAL DIET OF KHISHNI LIZA ABU (HECKEL, 1843) FROM TIGRIS RIVER, IRAQ

:A total of 467 fish of Khishni, Liza abu (Heckel,1843) were collected to study their natural diets and its seasonal variation. Four stations at Tigris River between Wana (Nynawa) at North and Al- Zaafaraniya South of Baghdad; had been chosen for this research. The research showed, that fishes mainly consumed plant (51.8%) and fewer animals in origin materials (18.7%), proving that it is an omnivores fish. Green and blue green algae ranked first (19.6%, 15.6%, 22.1%) in the diet of fish during the study period, followed by diatoms (15.4%, 17.0%, 18.9%) and insects with their larvae (11.7%, 10.6%, 9.0%), while detritus ranked forth according to volumetric (V%), occurrence (O%) methods of analysis and ranking index respectively. Sand occupied about a quarter of the stomach volume during the study period, but wasn't treated as a diet. Fish were found consuming green and blue green algae (17.9%, 27.2%, and 33.1%), followed by diatoms and insects with their larvae during spring, however it mainly depended on algae (15.5%, 16.6%, 18.0%), diatom and zooplanktons during summer. Diatoms ranked first (18.5%, 17.5%, 21.6%) during autumn, followed by insects and algae, while algae came first during winter (14.3%, 20.2%, 21.3%), followed by detritus and diatoms this time. Green and blue green algae (19.7%, 21.7%, 26.5%), diatoms and insects larvae were the first three items in the diet of L. abu from north of Sammura barrage.Whereas, algae (16.7%, 18.1%, and 21.8%), diatoms and detritus were the main diet of fish from the south of Sammura, The research also showed that, the two length groups of fish (less and more than 150mm) almost consumed the same food. Algae ranked first in diets of the two groups (20.9%, 20.2%, 21.3%) and (28.2%, 17.8%, 27.0%) respectively according to the above three methods of analysi

A New Procedure in Bone Engineering Using Induced Adipose Tissue

Background: Osteoporosis is associated with a metabolic imbalance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis. We hypothesized that implanting a carrier for differentiated stem cells and signaling molecules inside adipose tissues could be used to enable transdifferentiation between cells, upregulate osteogenesis, and support bone formation, which may regain the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Methodology: A CL1 human mesenchymal stem cell line was grown in an osteogenic medium to differentiate into osteoblasts, and the differentiated cells were then exposed to an adipogenic medium to stimulate differentiation into adipocytes. Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were confirmed by the following assays: alkaline phosphatase staining, Nile red Staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The ratio of adipocytes to osteocytes for both cases was calculated. To evaluate bone induction in vivo, a calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite cement was prepared in a syringe and then seeded with 106 cells/mL of rat bone marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) and covered with 1 mL of tissue culture media containing 0.1 mg of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7). The construct was injected into the abdominal fat tissue of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: The conversion of osteocytes to adipocytes was 20-fold greater than the reverse conversion, and the area of bone regeneration was 15.7 ± 3.7%, the area of adipose tissue was 65.8 ± 13.1%, and the area of fibrous tissue was 18.3 ± 7.8%. Conclusion: Adipogenic interconversion and associated bone formation demonstrate the potential of a new therapy for balancing osteogenesis and adipogenesis