Françoise Mélonio, " 1815-1880 " dans Jean-Pierre Rioux et Jean-François Sirinelli [dir.], Histoire culturelle de la France, volume 3 : Lumières et liberté. Les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, Paris, Le Seuil, 1998, pp. 189-350.

L'auteur annonce d'emblée ses ambitions et leurs limites. Cette deuxième partie du volume 3 de l'Histoire culturelle de la France, enfermée dans ce que l'on devine être un espace trop étroit, se présente comme une synthèse de ces histoires éparpillées qui constituent l'ordinaire de ce que l'on a coutume d'appeler histoire culturelle : histoire de la presse, de l'édition, des arts et lettres, des idées, des sociabilités, etc., mais une synthèse choisie. Françoise Mélonio va chercher le fil dir..

Les journaux du printemps 1848 : une révolution médiatique en trompe-l'œil

La liberté offerte à la presse par la révolution de 1848 sonne le coup d'envoi non pas tout à fait d'une nouvelle période de la production et de la diffusion médiatique, mais au moins des représentations que professionnels, amateurs et usagers de la presse se font de son rôle, de ses possibilités et de son influence. En quelques semaines, plus de 300 titres se créent à Paris, presque autant en province. La liberté acquise permet à tous ceux qui en ont les moyens d'imprimer leur feuille : les numéros un, parfois deux et trois, qui paraissent en février, et jusqu'en juin 1848, offrent de ce point de vue un avant-goût remarquable de la manière dont la presse participe de l'intensification des échanges et de la circulation culturelle pour, en usant de sa périodicité ou tout au moins du potentiel qui est le sien en ce domaine, s'inscrire dans le registre de la culture de masse. L'étude des formats, de la typographie, de la pagination, mais aussi des titres et du système de connotation politique auxquels ils renvoient, doit permettre de mettre en relief la façon dont un journal orchestre ses appels auprès d'un public nouveau qui est donc doublement à conquérir et à fidéliser. Que la discontinuité, l'exceptionnel l'emportent ici sur la durée dit assez que l'énergie impulsée par une révolution politique contamine presque directement les formes de la vie culturelle. Mais l'échec que connut la presse de 1848 n'est pas seulement politique. Il tient aussi aux déficiences mêmes de l'organisation commerciale, déficiences auxquelles la presse de l'Empire et plus encore celle de la IIIe République sauront remédier. La matérialité de l'efflorescence médiatique de l'hiver et du printemps 1848 permet donc de pointer assez précisément ce qui est d'ores et déjà en jeu dans l'essor de la presse et dans la manière dont il s'inscrit dans l'évolution culturelle du XIXe siècle.The freedom granted to the press by the 1848 revolution is the "kick off" not so much of a new period of production and circualtion of the media, but rather of the representations that press professionals, keen amateurs and press users have of its role, its possibilities and its influence. Within a few weeks, nearly 300 newspapers are created in Paris and almost as many in the province. The newly acquired liberty allows all those who can afford it to print their own paper. The first and sometimes the second and third newspaper issues that appear in February and up to June 1848 actually give a remarkable foretaste of the manner in which by use of its periodicity or at least of its own very potential in this field, the press partakes of the intensification of cultural exchanges and the spreading of culture to fit in with the range of mass culture. The study of formats, typography, pagination as well as that of titles and the system of political connotation they refer to, shall permit to emphasize the manner in which a newspaper orchestrates its advances to a new reading public which is both to conquer and establish. That discontinuity and the exceptional should prevail over duration shows well enough that the energy boosted by a political revolution will almost directly affect the forms of cultural life. However, the failure that the press met with in 1848 is not solely political. It is also due to the very deficiences of commercial organization which the press of the Second Empire and even more so the press of the Third Republic will be able to remedy. The materiality of the efflorescence of the media in winter and spring 1848 allows to point out fairly accurately what is already at stake in the development of the press and the manner it fits in with the cultural evolution of the XIXth century

Doctors and the sexual abuse of children: A contribution to the cultural history of medicine in the 19th and 20th centuries

Abstract: Rape and other sexual violence are part of French criminal law since 1810. Medical doctors have been dealing with these phenomena in their role as medical experts in court cases. This study is based on an analysis of theoretical writings by leading French forensic scientists/psychiatrists as well as expert reports from court cases. The medical expertise was supposed to determine whether a sexual assault had actually taken place or not. Initially the expert investigation was limited to purely physical questions. Over time, however, this approach proved to be inadequate, and forensic experts started to take children’s testimonies into account. The change in medical doctors’ attitudes regarding the legal validity, legitimacy, and credibility of children’s testimony over the course of 200 years reflects wider cultural changes during the period, with the rise of psychoanalytic theory being the most important influence in this respect.Abstract: Rape and other sexual violence are part of French criminal law since 1810. Medical doctors have been dealing with these phenomena in their role as medical experts in court cases. This study is based on an analysis of theoretical writings by leading French forensic scientists/psychiatrists as well as expert reports from court cases. The medical expertise was supposed to determine whether a sexual assault had actually taken place or not. Initially the expert investigation was limited to purely physical questions. Over time, however, this approach proved to be inadequate, and forensic experts started to take children’s testimonies into account. The change in medical doctors’ attitudes regarding the legal validity, legitimacy, and credibility of children’s testimony over the course of 200 years reflects wider cultural changes during the period, with the rise of psychoanalytic theory being the most important influence in this respect

Les faits divers de la fin du XIXe siècle

Dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle, les faits divers prennent leur forme définitive. La chronique est la plus lue et la mieux mémorisée. Elle ouvre des horizons sur la manière dont sont compris et interprétés les dérèglements de l’existence et témoigne d’un état des consciences et des sensibilités. Les faits divers sont habités par un double objectif : diffuser de l’information, statuer sur la normalité des conduites et infléchir les comportements. Littérature d’information, de distraction et d’assouvissement, ils fondent les principes de la narration médiatique, c’est-à-dire de la mise en spectacle du monde. Il n’y a pas de différence entre les histoires minuscules qui saturent la presse populaire des débuts de la IIIe République, les grandes affaires d’aujourd’hui et les reality show. Mais, parce qu’ils travaillent à construire une opinion, qu’ils alimentent des échanges rêvés et réels entre l’homme de la rue, la presse, les institutions françaises et les pôles de décision politiques, ils fonctionnent aussi comme production sociale. Autour de 1900, les figures de la modernité – mécaniques incontrôlables, cités déshumanisées, délinquances « nouvelles » – occupent de plus en plus de place dans le panorama des anxiétés et des aspirations. Ce faisant, le fait divers met en lumière des questions liées aux bouleversements sociaux : présence croissante des étrangers, évolution des rapports entre les sexes, comportements nouveaux de la jeunesse, rôle de la machine. Il vise également à fixer les conduites.During the last third of the 19th century, the news in brief column takes its final shape. This section is the most read and the best memorized. It opens up new horizons on the way small and big disruptions in people’s lives are understood and interpreted. In its way, this column shows people’s state of conscience and sensibility. The short news items are inhabited by a double objective: on the one hand to spread information and to give a ruling on behaviours’normality, to soften attitudes. As an informative literature, it establishes the principles of the narration in the media, i.e. a show of the world. There is no difference as regards the very nature of tiny stories which fill up the popular press of the Third Republic, nowadays scandals and reality shows. However, just because it helps people forming an opinion, because it fuels up dreamed or real exchanges between the man in the street, the press, the French institutions, it works as a means of social production. Around 1900, the figures of modernity – uncontrollable mechanics, dehumanized cities, new types of crimes embodied not only by gangs and hooligans but also by figures of female criminals and child murderers –, these figures of modernity take more and more space in the panorama of anxiety and aspirations. In so doing, the news in brief column highlights a certain number of questions linked with a social upheaval: an increasing presence of foreigners, a change of relationships between people of both sexes, new behaviours of the youth and the role of the machine. It also aims to normalize social attitudes

Les frontières (et leurs perméabilités) entre l’histoire culturelle et l’histoire des médias

Le renouveau de l’histoire culturelle et de l’histoire des médias, dont témoigne la récente naissance de deux associations, doit être interrogé de manière concomitante. Car si l’histoire culturelle est « fille de son temps » , comme le notait Jean-Pierre Rioux – faisant allusion à une conjoncture récente qui valorise individualités et sujet pensant – si elle est « l’histoire de demain, celle qui convient » ajoutait Antoine Prost « à un temps plus désenchanté et plus narcissique », que dire al..

SUITABILITY OF WOOD CHIPS FROM FORESTRY AND DIFFERENT BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS FOR USE IN A SEMI-INDUSTRIAL PLANT OF BTL PRODUCTION BY GASIFICATION

A semi-industrial plant of BtL production by biomass gasification is planned to be operating in 2011 in the Northern-East of France by a French Energy Research Centre, called Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), and several partners. This demonstration plant will be a 50 MW plant, based on an entrained flow reactor, followed by different stages of syngas cleaning and a final stage of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. One study has been launched on the biomass regional resources that may be used as feedstock in the plant. The first task of this study deals with the availability of the resources and their feasibility and cost of supply. This paper is focused on the second task, whose aim is to check the suitability of the potential resources with the process, in order to define which one should be chosen. A sampling based on several tens samples from the region was first used, both from wood chips from forestry, wood chips from Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) and agricultural raw materials including straw and energy crops. Measurements were done on the main influential properties of biomass, either physical (granulometry, density, moisture), thermal (LHV) or physico-chemical (proximate analysis, elemental composition, particularly in minor elements, ash composition and fusibility). Results show that there is not much variability in the biomass properties inside the different families (wood chips, agricultural raw materials). The values of most properties fall in the range of the required specifications. However, some properties may be questionable: (i) wood chips granulometry, with too many fine particles (ii) density, which is too low in agricultural products (0.05), (iii) sulphur, fluorine and chlorine contents, which are too high, especially chlorine in agricultural residues (1000-8000 ppm) (iv) other impurities amounts, such as Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, that are above specifications in some samples (v) ash content, which is slightly too high in SRC (3 wmf%) and too high in most agricultural raw materials (5 wmf%) (vi) ash melting point - whose measurement still needs to be confirmed - but which is apparently too low in most agricultural samples and in some SRC. Based on these statements, wood chips from forestry appear as the most suitable resource for the process. SRC also seem quite suitable for the process and may be seen as a short-term alternative. Agricultural raw materials are more problematical and may be seen as a short to mid-term option. Therefore, wood chips will be the first resource to be used in the demonstration plant and a complimentary sampling has been recently performed on this kind of feedstock, leading to the adjunction of 60 new samples. These measurements should enable to define more precisely the range of variation of the problematic properties

Dix ans d'histoire culturelle

L'association pour le développement de l'histoire culturelle (ADHC) est née, en 1999, du constat de la place croissante, en même temps que problématique, de l'histoire culturelle dans l'historiographie contemporaine. Revendiquée par les uns, dénoncée par les autres, cette place méritait l'institution d'un lieu de rencontres où tous ceux qui se reconnaissent dans cette qualification pourraient échanger sur le fond et sur la forme de leur travail. L'association a tenu son premier congrès en 2000. Au terme d'une décennie et plus d'activité, il était temps de tirer le bilan et, comme il se doit, de tracer de nouvelles perspectives. Cette anthologie des conférences et tables rondes organisées dans le cadre du congrès annuel de l'association propose un panorama unique en son genre des propositions avancées par l'histoire culturelle en France et, dans une moindre mesure, à l'étranger depuis dix ans. Regroupés en sections thématiques (définitions et frontières, objets, regards et transferts, débats), ces textes rédigés par d'éminents spécialistes venus de divers horizons (historiens, sociologues, philosophes, historiens de l'art ou de la littérature) donnent à voir à la fois la permanence de certains questionnements et leur renouvellement

Bone marrow graft versus peripheral blood graft in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells transplantation: a retrospective analysis in1344 patients of SFGM-TC registry.

peer reviewedThe use of peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) stem cells graft in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis remains controversial. Moreover, the value of adding anti-thymoglobulin (ATG) to PTCy is unknown. A total of 1344 adult patients received an unmanipulated haploidentical transplant at 37 centers from 2012 to 2019 for hematologic malignancy. We compared the outcomes of patients according to the type of graft, using a propensity score analysis. In total population, grade II-IV and III-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) were lower with BM than with PB. Grade III-IV aGVHD was lower with BM than with PB + ATG. All outcomes were similar in PB and PB + ATG groups. Then, in total population, adding ATG does not benefit the procedure. In acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative syndrome (AL-MDS-MPS) subgroup receiving non-myeloablative conditioning, risk of relapse was twice greater with BM than with PB (51 vs. 22%, respectively). Conversely, risk of aGVHD was greater with PB (38% for aGVHD II-IV; 16% for aGVHD III-IV) than with BM (28% for aGVHD II-IV; 8% for aGVHD III-IV). In this subgroup with intensified conditioning regimen, risk of relapse became similar with PB and BM but risk of aGVHD III-IV remained higher with PB than with BM graft (HR = 2.0; range [1.17-3.43], p = 0.012)

Late relapse after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia: a retrospective study by SFGM-TC.

peer reviewedLate relapse (LR) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) for acute leukemia is a rare event (nearly 4.5%) and raises the questions of prognosis and outcome after salvage therapy. We performed a retrospective multicentric study between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, using data from the French national retrospective register ProMISe provided by the SFGM-TC (French Society for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy). We included patients presenting with LR, defined as a relapse occurring at least 2 years after AHSCT. We used the Cox model to identify prognosis factors associated with LR. During the study period, a total of 7582 AHSCTs were performed in 29 centers, and 33.8% of patients relapsed. Among them, 319 (12.4%) were considered to have LR, representing an incidence of 4.2% for the entire cohort. The full dataset was available for 290 patients, including 250 (86.2%) with acute myeloid leukemia and 40 (13.8%) with acute lymphoid leukemia. The median interval from AHSCT to LR was 38.2 months (interquartile range [IQR], 29.2 to 49.7 months), and 27.2% of the patients had extramedullary involvement at LR (17.2% exclusively and 10% associated with medullary involvement). One-third of the patients had persistent full donor chimerism at LR. Median overall survival (OS) after LR was 19.9 months (IQR, 5.6 to 46.4 months). The most common salvage therapy was induction regimen (55.5%), with complete remission (CR) obtained in 50.7% of cases. Ninety-four patients (38.5%) underwent a second AHSCT, with a median OS of 20.4 months (IQR, 7.1 to 49.1 months). Nonrelapse mortality after second AHSCT was 18.2%. The Cox model identified the following factors as associated with delay of LR: disease status not in first CR at first HSCT (odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.64; P = .02) and the use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.21 to 4.14; P = .01). Chronic GVHD appeared to be a protective factor (OR, .64; 95% CI, .42 to .96; P = .04). The prognosis of LR is better than in early relapse, with a median OS after LR of 19.9 months. Salvage therapy associated with a second AHSCT improves outcome and is feasible, without creating excess toxicity