Role of Bulk flow in Turbulent Convection

In this paper we present scaling of large-scale quantities like Pecl\'{e}t and Nusselt numbers, and the dissipation rates of kinetic energy and entropy. Our arguments are based on the scaling of bulk quantities and earlier experimental and simulation results. We also present the inertial-range properties of spectra and fluxes of kinetic energy and entropy.Comment: 15 pages, to Appear in the proceedings of "Senfest, International Conference on Complex Processes in Plasmas and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

On the Applicability of Low-Dimensional Models for Convective Flow Reversals at Extreme Prandtl Numbers

Constructing simpler models, either stochastic or deterministic, for exploring the phenomenon of flow reversals in fluid systems is in vogue across disciplines. Using direct numerical simulations and nonlinear time series analysis, we illustrate that the basic nature of flow reversals in convecting fluids can depend on the dimensionless parameters describing the system. Specifically, we find evidence of low-dimensional determinism in flow reversals occurring at zero Prandtl number, whereas we fail to find such signatures for reversals at infinite Prandtl number. Thus, even in a single system, as one varies the system parameters, one can encounter reversals that are fundamentally different in nature. Consequently, we conclude that a single general low-dimensional deterministic model cannot faithfully characterize flow reversals for every set of parameter values.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

A prospective study to assess the adverse events following immunization in paediatric population

Background: The objective of current study was to analyse the pattern of adverse drug reactions due to different vaccines in paediatric patients.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in paediatric department of GSVM medical college Kanpur to monitor vaccine adverse event and its causal association with vaccine. Patients of 0-10 year age group of either sex, who developed adverse event following vaccination, were included in study. Vaccine adverse event were recorded in the suspected ADRs reporting form of Indian Pharmacopoeia commission. Causality was evaluated using WHO-UMC assessment scale, outcome and seriousness as per W.H.O. To classify type of ADRs, Expanded Rawlins- Thompson’s classification system was used.Results: Vaccine adverse reactions were more in female (53%) as compared to male (47%). Most common age group involved was 0-6 months; (79.41%) of total reactions. Fever (14.70 %) was most common reaction, followed by pain at inj. site (11.77%), and Convulsion (11.77). The causality of 67.65% vaccine adverse reactions was of possible type; 88.23 % reactions were of non-serious type. Type A reaction were more common and most of vaccine adverse reaction recovered (82.35%).Conclusions: Vaccines can also cause different types of adverse reactions in paediatric patients. This Study emphasizes the need for an effective vaccine adverse event monitoring system among paediatric patients in every hospital to ensure safety of vaccine. Hence more educational awareness program should be plotted and more similar studies are needed to be conducted

Role of single and mixed probiotics in acute diarrheal diseases in pediatric population

Background: The objective of present study was to analyse the effect of probiotics on various parameters of acute diarrhoeal disease and to compare single and mixed probiotic preparations in context to their role in acute diarrhoeal disease in paediatric population.Methods: A double blind controlled trial was conducted in children suffering from acute diarrhoeal disease at department of paediatrics jointly with department of pharmacology, G. S. V. M. Medical college, Kanpur, U.P., India. All enrolled children were divided into three groups having similar baseline characteristics. One group was given single probiotic preparation another mixed probiotic preparation and the third one (i.e. control group) placebo plus Zinc/ORS to all three groups. Various parameters such as frequency and consistency of stool, duration of diarrhoea were measured after doing intervention over a period of one week.Results: In our study duration of diarrhoea, stool frequency and total duration of hospital stay was found significantly less in probiotic groups compared to control group. However no significant difference was found between single and mixed probiotics in curtailing the acute diarrhoeal illness.Conclusions: Probiotics should be used judiciously in acute diarrhoeal diseases. There is no additional benefit of mixed probiotics in acute diarrhoeal diseases rather than increasing the cost of treatment

Drug utilization pattern in sick paediatric patients: analysis for rationality and other aspects

Background: The aim of this research work was to study the drug utilization pattern in the indoor paediatric patients with specific objective to analyse the rationality status of prescriptions and other aspects.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted for a period of 6 months. We analysed 120 prescriptions for the rationality status and different other parameters using Phadke’s criteria and W.H.O. prescribing indicators.Results: In our study out of total 120 prescriptions; 90 were rational followed by semi-rational and irrational. Average number of drugs prescribed was 5.39 drugs per prescription. Out of total FDCs prescribed 30% were irrational. Most commonly prescribed drug was anti-bacterial. Among anti-bacterial, most commonly prescribed anti-bacterial was from the cephalosporin group; which is categorized as “WATCH” category in W.H.O.-EML for children, March 2017.Conclusions: Though the results in present study reflect rational prescribing in pediatric patients in our hospital set up, there is still scope of improvement in prescription habits like avoid prescribing unnecessary drugs and irrational FDCs. There is also need of prescribing by generic names