Determination of the downstream impact of the Quimbo dam on the ichthyofauna of economic importance

El sector Hidroelectrico en Colombia se enmarca dentro del debate por la construccion y operacion de grandes represas necesarias para la produccion de energia que se demanda , la energia hidroelectrica se ha constituido como una alternativa energetica menos nociva respecto a otars como la termoelectrica , nuclear . La represa del Quimbo surge como una alternativa de apoyo para la generacion de energia electrica y el cumplimiento en terminos tecnicos de la vida util de betania, pese a los beneficios de la hidroelectrica , se dan una serie de impactos que comprometen a las poblaciones dedicadas a la pesca y la agricultura teniendo entonces uno de los impactos la mortandad masiva de la ictiofauna de importancia comercial , la mortandad de peces en el presente estudio se asocia a tres momentos , en primer lugar la desviacion del rio , la sedimentacion por biomasa en descomposicion y agentes quimicos contaminantes , este proyecto consiste en corroborar si la construccion y operacion de una hidroelectrica y en especifico del Quimbo tienen insidencia en que sucedan eventos de mortandades de peces , para esto se plantea realizar una comparacion de una serie de eventos con el fin de hacer seguimiento en el tiempo al comportamiento de las variables peso- volumen y diversidad de especies .The Hydroelectric sector in Colombia is part of the debate for the construction and operation of large dams necessary for the production of energy that is demanded, hydroelectric energy has been constituted as a less harmful energy alternative to otars such as thermoelectric, nuclear. the Quimbo dam emerges as an alternative of support for the generation of electric energy and compliance in technical terms of the life of betania, despite the benefits of hydropower, there are a series of impacts that compromise the populations dedicated to fishing and agriculture, one of the impacts of the massive fish mortality of commercial importance, the mortality of fish in the present study is associated with three moments, first the deviation of the river, the sedimentation by biomass in decomposition and chemical agents pollutants, this project consists of establishing whether the construction and operation of a hydroelectric and specific Quimbo have insidence in events of fish deaths, for this is proposed to make a comparison of a series of events in order to do follow-up over time to the behavior of the variables weight-volume and species diversity

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective