Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and norms for rural and urban adolescent males and females in Mexico

Aims: To contribute new evidence to the controversy about the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and to provide, for the first time, norms based on a large adolescent Mexican community sample, regarding sex and area of residence (urban/rural) - Methods: A total of 2928 schoolchildren (1544 females and 1384 males) aged 11-18 were assessed with the EDE-Q and other disordered eating questionnaire measures. - Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of the attitudinal items of the EDE-Q did not support the four theorized subscales, and a two-factor solution, Restraint and Eating-Shape-Weight concern, showed better fit than the other models examined (RMSEA = .054); measurement invariance for this two-factor model across sex and area of residence was found. Satisfactory internal consistency (ω ≥.80) and two-week test-retest reliability (ICCa ≥.84; κ≥ .56), and evidence for convergent validity with external measures was obtained. The highest attitudinal EDE-Q scores were found for urban females and the lowest scores were found for rural males, whereas the occurrence of key eating disorder behavioural features and compensatory behaviours was similar in both areas of residence. - Conclusions: This study reveals satisfactory psychometric properties and provides population norms of the EDE-Q, which may help clinicians and researchers to interpret the EDE-Q scores of adolescents from urban and rural areas in Mexico

PalC, One of Two Bro1 Domain Proteins in the Fungal pH Signalling Pathway, Localizes to Cortical Structures and Binds Vps32

PalC, distantly related to Saccharomyces cerevisiaeperipheral endosomal sorting complexes required for transport III (ESCRT-III) component Bro1p and one of six Aspergillus nidulanspH signalling proteins, contains a Bro1 domain. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PalC is recruited to plasma membrane-associated punctate structures upon alkalinization, when pH signalling is active. PalC recruitment to these structures is dependent on the seven transmembrane domain (7-TMD) receptor and likely pH sensor PalH. PalC is a two-hybrid interactor of the ESCRT-III Vps20/Vps32 subcomplex and binds Vps32 directly. This binding is largely impaired by Pro439Phe, Arg442Ala and Arg442His substitutions in a conserved region mediating interaction of Bro1p with Vps32p, but these substitutions do not prevent cortical punctate localization, indicating Vps32 independence. In contrast, Arg442Δ impairs Vps32 binding and prevents PalC-GFP recruitment to cortical structures. pH signalling involves a plasma membrane complex including the 7-TMD receptor PalH and the arrestin-like PalF and an endosomal membrane complex involving the PalB protease, the transcription factor PacC and the Vps32 binding, Bro1-domain-containing protein PalA. PalC, which localizes to cortical structures and can additionally bind a component of ESCRT-III, has the features required to bridge these two entities. A likely S. cerevisiaeorthologue of PalC has been identified, providing the basis for a unifying hypothesis of gene regulation by ambient pH in ascomycetes

Estudio epidemiológico de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población escolarizada en el estado de Nayarit, México

Objetivo: Investigar los problemas de la conducta alimentaria mediante un estudio epidemiológico de dos fases en la población adolescente escolarizada del estado de Nayarit, México. Método: Se consideraron 13 de los 20 municipios que conforman el estado, 9 de ellos urbanos y 4 rurales. La muestra total constó de 2449 participantes, 1142 chicos (46,6%) y 1307 chicas (53,4%) de 11 a 20 años (M = 15,5; DE = 1,8), todos ellos estudiantes de educación secundaria y de bachillerato de 27 centros educativos públicos y privados. La investigación constó de dos fases: en la primera se tomó el peso y la talla “in situ” y se administraron los cuestionarios de cribado Eating Disorder Examination Questionaire (EDE-Q) y Children Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), y otras medidas como el Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) y se recogieron datos socio-demográficos. En la segunda fase se seleccionaron como posibles casos a todos los participantes que superaron el punto de corte de al menos uno de los instrumentos de cribado usados; asimismo se escogió un porcentaje similar de posibles controles, entre los participantes que no superaron los puntos de corte de ninguno de dichos instrumentos de cribado. A todos ellos (n= 646) se les administró como instrumento diagnóstico la entrevista semi-estructurada Eating Disorder Examination (EDE). Resultados: La prevalencia total de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria es del 9,8%, y por subtipos es 0,5% de AN, 2,8% de BN y 6,6% de TCANE. En función del sexo, la prevalencia de TCA es significativamente mayor en el sexo femenino (12,7%) que en el masculino (6,6%). Por subtipos de TCANE, en ambos sexos los valores más altos se presentan en el TCANE 3 (4,4 %) y es mayor en el sexo femenino (5,9%). Por subtipos de TCA, el sexo femenino presenta mayor prevalencia, con excepción del TCANE 4 que es muy similar en ambos sexos y la AN restrictiva que es algo mayor en el sexo masculino. En función del tipo de área, se observa una diferencia significativa entre ambos contextos, ya que las zonas urbanas muestran una prevalencia global del 10,7% y las rurales sólo del 5,4%. Las chicas en comparación con los chicos presentan mayor frecuencia de antecedentes de obesidad y AN, se perciben con más sobrepeso y obesidad y muestran una preocupación mayor por la comida, el peso y la figura. Asimismo presentan mayor porcentaje de restricción dietética, vómito autoinducido y uso de laxantes, mientras que los chicos utilizan más frecuentemente el ejercicio físico como estrategia de control del peso. Las puntuaciones de preocupación por la comida, el peso y la figura así como la ingesta restrictiva y las actitudes alteradas presentan valores más altos en chicas que en chicos y en el área urbana que rural. En los participantes con TCA se hallaron porcentajes más altos de antecedentes de obesidad, mayor proporción de personas que nunca desayunan, comen o cenan y mayores puntuaciones de influencia del modelo estético. Asimismo, los participantes con algún TCA presentaron mayores porcentajes de tristeza, enojo y menos satisfacción consigo mismos. Finalmente, en los grupos con BN, TCANE 3 y TCANE 6 se observó mayor presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que en el grupo sin TCA. Conclusión: Se observan resultados similares a estudios anteriores en cuanto a que las chicas tienen mayor prevalencia de TCA, influencia del modelo estético corporal, restricción dietética y conductas alteradas, y se perciben con más sobrepeso y obesidad. Las zonas urbanas muestran una mayor prevalencia global de TCA que las rurales.Objective: To investigate eating behavior problems using a two-phase epidemiological study in the adolescent school population of the state of Nayarit, Mexico. Method: 13 of the 20 municipalities that conforms the state were considered, 9 of them urban and 4 rural. The total sample consisted of 2449 participants, 1142 men (46.6%) and 1307 women (53.4%) aged between 11-20 years (M=15.5; DE=1.8), all of them high and middle school students from 27 public and private schools. The research consisted of two phases: on the first phase weight and height “in situ” measurements were taken and the screening questionnaires Eating Disorder Examination Questionaire (EDE-Q) and Children Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) or Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) were administered and also other measures such as the Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) and socio-demographic data. In the second phase all the participants that scored above the cutoff of at least one screening instrument were selected as potential cases; also a similar percentage of possible controls were chosen, among the participants who did not reached the cutoffs of any of both screening instruments. The semi-structured interview Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) as diagnostic tool was administered to all of these potential cases and controls (n = 646). Results: The overall prevalence of eating disorders (ED) is 9.8%, and by subtypes percentages are 0.5% for AN, 2.8% for BN and 6.6% for EDNOS. According to sex, the prevalence of ED is significantly higher in females (12.7%) than in males (6.6%). For EDNOS subtypes, in both sexes the highest values are presented for EDNOS 3 (4.4%) and is higher in females (5.9%). By subtypes of ED, females present higher prevalence, with the exception of EDNOS 4, which is very similar in both sexes and the restrictive AN which is somewhat higher in males. Regarding the type of area, a significant difference was observed between both contexts, urban areas showing an overall prevalence of 10.7%, whereas rural areas only 5.4%. Girls present higher frequency of antecedents of obesity and AN, perceive themselves as more overweighed and obese and show greater eating, weight and body shape concern when compared to boys. Likewise, girls present a higher percentage of dietary restraint, self-induced vomiting and laxative use, while boys use exercise as a weight control strategy more frequently. Eating, weight and shape concern and restraint and disordered attitudes scores are higher in girls than in boys and in adolescents from urban areas than from rural ones. Higher percentages of antecedents of obesity, people who never eat breakfast, lunch or dinner and higher scores for influence of the aesthetic model were found in participants diagnosed by an ED. Likewise, participants with any ED presented more sadness, anger and less satisfaction with themselves. Finally, in groups with BN, EDNOS 3 and EDNOS 6 greater presence of overweight and obesity was observed than in the group without ED. Conclusion: Similar results than ours are observed in previous studies, with girls showing higher prevalence of ED, influence of the aesthetic body ideal, dietary restraint and disordered behaviors, and perceiving themselves with more overweight and obesity. Participants from urban areas show a higher overall prevalence of ED than those from the rural area

Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and norms for rural and urban adolescent males and females in Mexico

Aims: To contribute new evidence to the controversy about the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and to provide, for the first time, norms based on a large adolescent Mexican community sample, regarding sex and area of residence (urban/rural) - Methods: A total of 2928 schoolchildren (1544 females and 1384 males) aged 11-18 were assessed with the EDE-Q and other disordered eating questionnaire measures. - Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of the attitudinal items of the EDE-Q did not support the four theorized subscales, and a two-factor solution, Restraint and Eating-Shape-Weight concern, showed better fit than the other models examined (RMSEA = .054); measurement invariance for this two-factor model across sex and area of residence was found. Satisfactory internal consistency (ω ≥.80) and two-week test-retest reliability (ICCa ≥.84; κ≥ .56), and evidence for convergent validity with external measures was obtained. The highest attitudinal EDE-Q scores were found for urban females and the lowest scores were found for rural males, whereas the occurrence of key eating disorder behavioural features and compensatory behaviours was similar in both areas of residence. - Conclusions: This study reveals satisfactory psychometric properties and provides population norms of the EDE-Q, which may help clinicians and researchers to interpret the EDE-Q scores of adolescents from urban and rural areas in Mexico

Final multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) 2-factor model for attitudinal items of EDE-Q.

<p>Standardized parameters: factor loadings, factor correlation, and paths for factor means on sex-area groups (0: males from rural area). Item intercepts, error variances and correlated uniquenesses (CU) are omitted. In italics: parameters not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > .05). ESW denotes Eating-Shape-Weight.</p

Estudio epidemiológico de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población escolarizada en el estado de Nayarit, México

Objetivo: Investigar los problemas de la conducta alimentaria mediante un estudio epidemiológico de dos fases en la población adolescente escolarizada del estado de Nayarit, México. Método: Se consideraron 13 de los 20 municipios que conforman el estado, 9 de ellos urbanos y 4 rurales. La muestra total constó de 2449 participantes, 1142 chicos (46,6%) y 1307 chicas (53,4%) de 11 a 20 años (M = 15,5; DE = 1,8), todos ellos estudiantes de educación secundaria y de bachillerato de 27 centros educativos públicos y privados. La investigación constó de dos fases: en la primera se tomó el peso y la talla "in situ" y se administraron los cuestionarios de cribado Eating Disorder Examination Questionaire (EDE-Q) y Children Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), y otras medidas como el Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) y se recogieron datos socio-demográficos. En la segunda fase se seleccionaron como posibles casos a todos los participantes que superaron el punto de corte de al menos uno de los instrumentos de cribado usados; asimismo se escogió un porcentaje similar de posibles controles, entre los participantes que no superaron los puntos de corte de ninguno de dichos instrumentos de cribado. A todos ellos (n= 646) se les administró como instrumento diagnóstico la entrevista semi-estructurada Eating Disorder Examination (EDE). Resultados: La prevalencia total de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria es del 9,8%, y por subtipos es 0,5% de AN, 2,8% de BN y 6,6% de TCANE. En función del sexo, la prevalencia de TCA es significativamente mayor en el sexo femenino (12,7%) que en el masculino (6,6%). Por subtipos de TCANE, en ambos sexos los valores más altos se presentan en el TCANE 3 (4,4 %) y es mayor en el sexo femenino (5,9%). Por subtipos de TCA, el sexo femenino presenta mayor prevalencia, con excepción del TCANE 4 que es muy similar en ambos sexos y la AN restrictiva que es algo mayor en el sexo masculino. En función del tipo de área, se observa una diferencia significativa entre ambos contextos, ya que las zonas urbanas muestran una prevalencia global del 10,7% y las rurales sólo del 5,4%. Las chicas en comparación con los chicos presentan mayor frecuencia de antecedentes de obesidad y AN, se perciben con más sobrepeso y obesidad y muestran una preocupación mayor por la comida, el peso y la figura. Asimismo presentan mayor porcentaje de restricción dietética, vómito autoinducido y uso de laxantes, mientras que los chicos utilizan más frecuentemente el ejercicio físico como estrategia de control del peso. Las puntuaciones de preocupación por la comida, el peso y la figura así como la ingesta restrictiva y las actitudes alteradas presentan valores más altos en chicas que en chicos y en el área urbana que rural. En los participantes con TCA se hallaron porcentajes más altos de antecedentes de obesidad, mayor proporción de personas que nunca desayunan, comen o cenan y mayores puntuaciones de influencia del modelo estético. Asimismo, los participantes con algún TCA presentaron mayores porcentajes de tristeza, enojo y menos satisfacción consigo mismos. Finalmente, en los grupos con BN, TCANE 3 y TCANE 6 se observó mayor presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que en el grupo sin TCA. Conclusión: Se observan resultados similares a estudios anteriores en cuanto a que las chicas tienen mayor prevalencia de TCA, influencia del modelo estético corporal, restricción dietética y conductas alteradas, y se perciben con más sobrepeso y obesidad. Las zonas urbanas muestran una mayor prevalencia global de TCA que las rurales.Objective: To investigate eating behavior problems using a two-phase epidemiological study in the adolescent school population of the state of Nayarit, Mexico. Method: 13 of the 20 municipalities that conforms the state were considered, 9 of them urban and 4 rural. The total sample consisted of 2449 participants, 1142 men (46.6%) and 1307 women (53.4%) aged between 11-20 years (M=15.5; DE=1.8), all of them high and middle school students from 27 public and private schools. The research consisted of two phases: on the first phase weight and height "in situ" measurements were taken and the screening questionnaires Eating Disorder Examination Questionaire (EDE-Q) and Children Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) or Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) were administered and also other measures such as the Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC) and socio-demographic data. In the second phase all the participants that scored above the cutoff of at least one screening instrument were selected as potential cases; also a similar percentage of possible controls were chosen, among the participants who did not reached the cutoffs of any of both screening instruments. The semi-structured interview Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) as diagnostic tool was administered to all of these potential cases and controls (n = 646). Results: The overall prevalence of eating disorders (ED) is 9.8%, and by subtypes percentages are 0.5% for AN, 2.8% for BN and 6.6% for EDNOS. According to sex, the prevalence of ED is significantly higher in females (12.7%) than in males (6.6%). For EDNOS subtypes, in both sexes the highest values are presented for EDNOS 3 (4.4%) and is higher in females (5.9%). By subtypes of ED, females present higher prevalence, with the exception of EDNOS 4, which is very similar in both sexes and the restrictive AN which is somewhat higher in males. Regarding the type of area, a significant difference was observed between both contexts, urban areas showing an overall prevalence of 10.7%, whereas rural areas only 5.4%. Girls present higher frequency of antecedents of obesity and AN, perceive themselves as more overweighed and obese and show greater eating, weight and body shape concern when compared to boys. Likewise, girls present a higher percentage of dietary restraint, self-induced vomiting and laxative use, while boys use exercise as a weight control strategy more frequently. Eating, weight and shape concern and restraint and disordered attitudes scores are higher in girls than in boys and in adolescents from urban areas than from rural ones. Higher percentages of antecedents of obesity, people who never eat breakfast, lunch or dinner and higher scores for influence of the aesthetic model were found in participants diagnosed by an ED. Likewise, participants with any ED presented more sadness, anger and less satisfaction with themselves. Finally, in groups with BN, EDNOS 3 and EDNOS 6 greater presence of overweight and obesity was observed than in the group without ED. Conclusion: Similar results than ours are observed in previous studies, with girls showing higher prevalence of ED, influence of the aesthetic body ideal, dietary restraint and disordered behaviors, and perceiving themselves with more overweight and obesity. Participants from urban areas show a higher overall prevalence of ED than those from the rural area

Establishment of the Ambient pH Signaling Complex in Aspergillus nidulans: PalI Assists Plasma Membrane Localization of PalH▿

The Aspergillus nidulans ambient pH signaling pathway involves two transmembrane domain (TMD)-containing proteins, PalH and PalI. We provide in silico and mutational evidence suggesting that PalI is a three TMD (3-TMD) protein with an N-terminal signal peptide, and we show that PalI localizes to the plasma membrane. PalI is not essential for the proteolytic conversion of the PacC translation product into the processed 27-kDa form, but its absence markedly reduces the accumulation of the 53-kDa intermediate after cells are shifted to an alkaline pH. PalI and its homologues contain a predicted luminal, conserved Gly-Cys-containing motif that distantly resembles a Gly-rich dimerization domain. The Gly44Arg and Gly47Asp substitutions within this motif lead to loss of function. The Gly47Asp substitution prevents plasma membrane localization of PalI-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and leads to its missorting into the multivesicular body pathway. Overexpression of the likely ambient alkaline pH receptor, the 7-TMD protein PalH, partially suppresses the null palI32 mutation. Although some PalH-GFP localizes to the plasma membrane, it predominates in internal membranes. However, the coexpression of PalI to stoichiometrically similar levels results in the strong predominance of PalH-GFP in the plasma membrane. Thus, one role for PalI, but possibly not the only role, is to assist with plasma membrane localization of PalH. These data, considered along with previous reports for both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and A. nidulans, strongly support the prevailing model of pH signaling involving two spatially segregated complexes: a plasma membrane complex containing PalH, PalI, and the arrestin-like protein PalF and an endosomal membrane complex containing PalA and PalB, to which PacC is recruited for its proteolytic activation

Receptor-independent Ambient pH Signaling by Ubiquitin Attachment to Fungal Arrestin-like PalF*

The seven-transmembrane receptor PalH and its coupled, positive-acting arrestin-like protein PalF are key components of a molecular sensor that in Aspergillus nidulans and other ascomycete fungi mediates activation of an intracellular signaling cascade by alkaline ambient pH. PalF is ubiquitinated in an alkaline pH- and PalH-dependent manner. We show here that PalF assists the plasma membrane localization of PalH and that PalF overexpression slightly hypersensitizes the pathway to alkaline pH but does not bypass the need for the ambient pH signal receptor in signaling. In contrast, covalent attachment of Ub to PalF activates the signaling pathway under acidic pH conditions in which the pathway is normally inactive, demonstrating a positive role for ubiquitination. We further show that PalF acts upstream of, or in concert with, the Bro1 domain-containing pH signaling protein PalC, which is normally recruited to cortical structures likely to represent active pH signaling foci under neutral/alkaline pH conditions. In agreement with its pathway-activating consequences, expression of PalF-Ub also promotes PalC cortical recruitment under acidic conditions. Notably, our data establish that expression of PalF-Ub, at approximately physiological levels, in a null palH background leads to a considerable degree of signaling even in the complete absence of the receptor. Thus PalF ubiquitination is a key, perhaps the sole, molecular trigger required for transmitting the alkaline pH signal to the downstream elements of the pathway