Analytical methods of phytochemicals from the Cuphea genus - A review

Cuphea genus (Lythraceae) comprises about 260 species. The dispersion of the genus occurs in two mains geographic centers: North and South America, with Brazil being the most Cuphea species-rich country, with approximately 104 identified species. Still poorly studied, the number of papers about genus has been growing considerably. However, a review of its analytical methods has not been previously performed. Therefore, this review aims to provide studies about different chromatographic methods used for the separation, elucidation, and identification of metabolites present in species of the Cuphea genus. Research in scientific databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were managed, and all references were analyzed. This review covers the relevant literature until May 2021, totalizing 22 studies described on 12 species of Cuphea. Most methods were employed for chemical analysis, and just one of them was validated for quantification purposes. Thus, this review provides a brief overview of the different chromatographic methods used in the separation, elucidation, and identification of compounds on different species of the Cuphea genus

Byproducts of orange extraction: influence of different treatments in fiber composition and physical and chemical parameters

In this work we evaluated the variability in fiber content and physical and chemical parameters of byproducts from orange juice extraction. Five different treatments and two drying methods were evaluated. The results indicate that drying by lyophilization was better than that drying in an oven. The pH ranged from approximately 3.47 to 3.96. The variation in moisture values was 9.22% ± 0.02 to 18.48 ± 0.52%. The total dietary fiber content in the resulting flours ranged from 42.44% to 62.74%. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents differed among the samples, ranging from 5.04% to 19.95% for the first fiber type, and 23.96% to 57.70% for the second. In conclusion, three treatments, associated with freeze-drying, showed promising results in the development of fiber-rich product. However, some modifications are needed, as well as further analysis, to guarantee the benefits of these products for human health. This study contributes to the possible application of industrial byproducts.Neste trabalho avaliou-se a variabilidade no conteúdo de fibras e nos parâmetros físico-químicos de subprodutos da extração do suco de laranja. Investigaram-se cinco diferentes pré-tratamentos e dois tipos de secagens dos produtos. Os resultados indicam que a secagem por liofilização é melhor que aquela feita em estufa. O pH dos produtos variou de, aproximadamente, 3,47 a 3,96. A variação entre os valores de perda por dessecação foi de 9,22% ± 0,02 a 18,48 ± 0,52%. O conteúdo de fibras totais encontrado nas farinhas obtidas variou de 42,44% a 62,74%. O conteúdo de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis diferiu entre as amostras de 5,04% a 19,95%, para a primeira, e 23,96% a 57,70%, para a segunda. Como conclusões, três tratamentos, associados à secagem por liofilização demonstraram resultados promissores no desenvolvimento de produto rico em fibras, entretanto, algumas modificações e novas análises devem ser realizadas a fim de garantir os benefícios desses produtos para a saúde. Esse estudo contribui para uma possível utilização de subprodutos da indústria alimentícia

Simultaneous analysis of dapagliflozin and its three related impurities by stability-indicating UPLC method and in vitro toxicity evaluation

A new stability- indicating analytical method by UPLC was developed for the simultaneous determination of dapagliflozin and three of its synthesis impurities. A Waters® Acquity UPLC H- Class model was used for method development and validation. The separation was achieved in a Zorbax phenyl column (50 x 3.0 mm, 1.8 μm), using a mixture of acetonitrile: water (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase in isocratic mode. All the peaks were well detected by a photodiode array detector (PDA) at 230 nm. The method was properly validated according ICH guidelines with respect to linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The calibration curves of each analyte showed determination coefficients (r2) > 0.99 and the method was linear at the concentrations range 30-70 μg/mL for dapagliflozin and 1-10 μg/mL for the impurities. Lastly, this UPLC method presented low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for both dapagliflozin and impurities, being a technique with high sensitivity. The toxicity evaluation of dapagliflozina and its related impurities were evaluated using 3T3 cells. MTT reduction and neutral red uptake assays were performed in cytotoxicity tests. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM), measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen and DNA damage (measured by comet assay) were evaluated. The impurity 3 showed significant damage in cytotoxicity tests at a concentration of 0.5 µM, being even more expressive at higher concentrations. On the other hand, under the conditions tested, DNA damage was not detected and the compounds tested do not induce significant cell death

Composição dos óleos essenciais de variedades de coloração de frutos de Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.

A espécie Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. apresenta a coloração dos frutos variável, sendo reconhecidas três variedades. Entretanto, a definição de variedades não é fácil para espécies de Myrtaceae e também não é amplamente aceita. Duas variedades de Eugenia brasiliensis, baseado na cor dos frutos (roxos e amarelos), tiveram a composição de seus óleos essenciais analisadas com a finalidade de obter indícios de variedade botânica para esta espécie. Embora, os componentes principais nos óleos das folhas fossem os mesmos monoterpenos para ambas as variedades, alfa-pineno, beta-pineno e 1,8-cineol, a variedade com frutos roxos acumulou maior quantidade de sesquiterpenos oxigenados (33,9%) do que aquela com frutos amarelos (3,8%). As diferenças principais ocorreram nos frutos roxos que apresentaram como componente principal o óxido de cariofileno (22,2%) e o alfa-cadinol (10,4%), não detectados no óleo das folhas, e o óleo dos frutos amarelos apresentou uma composição similar àquela observada para as folhas. Estas variedades de coloração dos frutos de E. brasilensis podem ser considerados como dois quimiotipos distintos, uma vez que na variedade com frutos roxos a rota biossintética para sesquiterpenos encontra-se mais operante do que naquela com frutos amarelos, onde são acumulados principalmente os monoterpenos.Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. is a variable species concerning fruit colour, with three recognized varieties. However, the definition of varieties is not easy for Myrtaceae species and not widely accepted. Two fruit colour varieties (purple and yellow) of E. brasiliensis had their essential oil composition analysed in order to give support to the existence of varieties for this species. Although, the major components in the leaf oil are the same monoterpenes for both varieties, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and 1,8-cineol, the purple fruit variety accumulates more oxygenated sesquiterpenes (33.9%) than the one with yellow fruits (3.8%). The major differences occurred in purple fruits that present as major components caryophyllene oxide (22.2%) and alpha-cadinol (10.4%), not found in the leaf oil, and the yellow fruit oil presented a similar composition as observed for the leaves. These fruit colour varieties of E. brasilensis can be considered as two distinct chemotypes, since the sesquiterpene pathway is more operant in the purple variety than in the yellow one, in which monoterpenes are mainly accumulated