Prepared discussant comments

Banks and banking ; Bank capital ; Bank supervision ; Deposit insurance

The new system of contemporaneous reserve requirements

Bank reserves ; Monetary policy

Coping with bank failures: some lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom

Bank failures ; Great Britain ; Banks and banking - History

The financial condition of U.S. banks: how different are community banks?

This article examines the condition of the banking industry in the United States, with an emphasis on community banks. In spite of the recent recession, the condition of the banking industry is substantially better than during the recession of 1990-91. There has been an increase in problem loans at both large and small banks during recent quarters, and nonperforming loans have risen relative to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Among the banks in each of the size groups in this article, however, ratios of equity to total assets in recent quarters are at about their highest levels since the early 1990s. Output of an early warning model of bank distress, which converts individual measures of bank condition into an index number, indicates a substantial improvement in the condition of community banks and larger banks after the early 1990s. While the median probability of failure has been higher for community banks than for larger banks during recent quarters, the difference is very small. Trends in the ratings that supervisors have assigned to the banks examined during recent quarters are not consistent with the view that examiners have been detecting a systematic deterioration in the condition of community banks.Banks and banking

Financial condition of community banks

This article examines the condition of the banking industry in the United States, with an emphasis on community banks. In spite of the recent recession, the condition of the banking industry is substantially better than during the recession of 1990-91. There has been an increase in problem loans at both large and small banks during recent quarters, and nonperforming loans have risen relative to the allowance for loan and lease losses. Among the banks in each of the size groups in this article, however, ratios of equity to total assets in recent quarters are at about their highest levels since the early 1990s. Output of an early warning model of bank distress, which converts individual measures of bank condition into an index number, indicates a substantial improvement in the condition of community banks and larger banks after the early 1990s. While the median probability of failure has been higher for community banks than for larger banks during recent quarters, the difference is very small. Trends in the ratings that supervisors have assigned to the banks examined during recent quarters are not consistent with the view that examiners have been detecting a systematic deterioration in the condition of community banks.Community banks ; Bank supervision

The development of a course of study in home and office management

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1948. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

The Marketing of Farm Products in Falls County, Texas

The goods that farmers grow and sell must be stored, transported, processed, and delivered in the form and at the time and to the places that consumers desire. This is in itself the basic problem of marketing. The welfare of farmers who produce for market depends upon the solution of the problem of efficient marketing of their products. A high standard of living for the millions of consumers who cannot grow their own food or even see the farm where it is grown is impossible without an efficient marketing system.1 Marketing agencies cannot stay in business without finding solutions to marketing problems and making the necessary changes in their operations. This land cannot support its present population and the increases to come without producing food and fiber where it can be produced best, and such specialized production is impossible without a complicated marketing system which must be continually improved. Hence, we can see the problem of marketing farm produce is not localized, nor is it limited to the producers. It is a basic problem for all of the people of the United States, consumer as well as producer. It is felt that marketing practices engaged in by the farmers of Falls County contribute to their economic status in direct proportion to the efficiency of these practices. The purpose of this study is to investigate the practices as they are carried out by the Negro farmers of Falls County and suggest areas of improvement. 1U.S., Department of Agriculture, The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1954. Marketing (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954) pp. 19-21

The new bank capital adequacy standards

Bank capital ; Banks and banking

Dust properties of external galaxies; NGC 891 revisited

We compare 850um SCUBA images of NGC 891 with the corresponding V-band optical depth predicted from radiation transfer simulations. These two tracers of dust show a very similar distribution along the minor axis and a reasonable agreement along the major axis. Assuming that the grains responsible for optical extinction are also the source of 850um emission we derive a submillimeter emissivity (emission efficiency) for dust in the NGC 891 disk. This quantity is found to be a factor of 2-3 higher than the generally-accepted (but highly uncertain) values adopted for the Milky Way. It should be stated, however, that if a substantial fraction of dust in NGC 891 is clumped, the emissivity in the two galaxies may be quite similar. We use our newly-acquired emissivity to convert our 850um images into detailed maps of dust mass and, utilizing 21cm and CO-emission data for NGC 891, derive the gas-to-dust ratio along the disk. We compute an average ratio of 260 -- a value consistent with the Milky Way and external spirals within the uncertainties in deriving both the dust mass and the quantity of molecular gas. The bulk of dust in NGC 891 appears to be closely associated with the molecular gas phase although it may start to follow the distribution of atomic hydrogen at radii >9 kpc (i.e. >0.5 R_25). Using the optical depth of the NGC 891 disk, we quantify how light emitted at high redshift is attenuated by dust residing in foreground spirals. For B-band observations of galaxies typically found in the Hubble Deep Field, the amount of light lost is expected to be small (~ 5%). This value depends critically on the maximum radial extent of cold dust in spiral disks (which is poorly known). It may also represent a lower limit if galaxies expel dust over time into the intergalactic medium.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, A&A accepte

Abundant dust found in intergalactic space

Galactic dust constitutes approximately half of the elements more massive than helium produced in stellar nucleosynthesis. Notwithstanding the formation of dust grains in the dense, cool atmospheres of late-type stars, there still remain huge uncertainties concerning the origin and fate of galactic stardust. In this paper, we identify the intergalactic medium (i.e. the region between gravitationally-bound galaxies) as a major sink for galactic dust. We discover a systematic shift in the colour of background galaxies viewed through the intergalactic medium of the nearby M81 group. This reddening coincides with atomic, neutral gas previously detected between the group members. The dust-to-HI mass ratio is high (1/20) compared to that of the solar neighborhood (1/120) suggesting that the dust originates from the centre of one or more of the galaxies in the group. Indeed, M82, which is known to be ejecting dust and gas in a starburst-driven superwind, is cited as the probable main source.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. ApJ Letters in pres