Change(of(Mineral(Composition(of(Herbaceous(Species(at(the(Mediterranean( Shrublands

Maki alanlarında çalıların sıklığına bağlı olarak önemli miktarda otsu tür kuru madde üretimine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu yüzden bu çalışmada böyle meralardaki otsu türlerin mineral kapsamlarının yıl boyunca değişimleri ve bunun keçilerin beslenmesi açısından önemi araştırılmıştır. Deneme Çanakkale’nin korunan ve otlanan olmak üzere iki çalılı merasında kurulmuş ve 14 ay süreyle (Ekim 20069 Kasım 2007) yürütülmüştür. Bu maksatla her ayın ortasında 0,5 m x 0,5 m ebatlarında onar çerçeve biçilerek bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerde makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) ve mikro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn) besin elementleri ile diğer elementlerden (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb) oluşan toplam 18 elementin değişimi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Se dışındaki bütün elementlerin hem korunan hem de otlanan mera otundaki değişimleri önemli olmuştur. Genel olarak n bitkilerdeki N, K, Mg ve S oranları Nisan ayından itibaren yükselmiş yaz, sonbahar ve kışın azalmıştır. P korunan merada yaz başında, otlanan merada ise ilkbaharda artarken, Ca’da tersi durum görülmüştür. Fe kışın yüksek, yazın düşük; Mn ve Cu kış ve ilkbahar aylarında nispeten yüksek, yazın çok düşük; B ve Na ilkbahar ve yazın fazla, sonbahar ve kış aylarında az; Zn kışın yüksek, diğer aylarda düşük olmuştur. Co, Ni, Cd ve Pb özellikle kış aylarında yüksek, yaz aylarında daha düşük; Cr ise Şubat ayında fazla öteki aylarda daha az bulunmuştur. Se genellikle ilkbaharda yükselmiştir. Meraların ortalaması olarak otun bünyesindeki N, P, K, Ca, Mg ve S miktarları sırasıyla 12,45, 1,98, 10,78, 10,36, 2,07 ve 1,45 g/kg; Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na ve Zn miktarları ise 676,2, 143,0, 6,3, 23,4, 1497,5 ve 27,3 mg/kg olmuştur. Günde 1 kg kuru ot tüketen keçiler esas alınarak yapılan değerlendirmede; N’un yaz ve sonbahar başında, K’un otlanan merada yaz ve sonbaharda,Mn’ın yazın, S, Cu ve Zn’nun yıl boyu yetersiz olduğu, diğer besin elementlerinde ise eksiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir.Asignificant amount of herbaceous species provide to be an increasing of total organic matter depending on shrub intensity in the maquis vegetation. Therefore, the yearlong mineral contents of these herbaceous species and their importance in terms of goat feding were investigated at this vegetation. The trial was performed in two different sites, including protected and grazed, for a period of 14 months in Çanakkale (October 2006 and November 2007), and therefore the plant samples were collected by mowing the dimensions of 0.5 m x 0.5 m ten frames in the middle of each month. The change of total 18 elements, including macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), micro (Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, Zn), and other elements (Se, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb), was investigated in the collected samples. According to the results of the study, the change of all elements except for Se was significant in both protected and grazed areas. In general, N, K, Mg, and S ratios of the plants increased from April, and they decreased in summer, autumn, and winter. P from the protected area at the beginning of the summer and from the grazed area in the spring increased. The change of Ca followed an opposite path. Iron rates were high in the winter and low in the summer; Mn and Cu were relatively high in the spring and very low in the summer; B and Na were excess in the spring and summer and few in the autumn and winter; Zn was high in the winter and low in the other months; Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb were high especially in the winter and lower in the summer; Cr was high in February and low in the!other months. Se increased especially in spring. As the means of both areas, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Samounts of the plants were 12.45, 1.98, 10.78, 10.36, 2.07, and 1.45 g/kg, respectively, whereas Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Na, and Zn amounts were 676.2, 143.0, 6.3, 23.4, 1497.5 and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluation based on the goats which were fed with 1 kg hay per day, N in early summer and autumn, K from the grazed area in the summer and autumn, Mn in the summer and S, Cu, and Zn throughout the year were determined as insufficient, whereas there was not found any shortage for the other nutrients

Effects of Prickly Burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.) Control and Sheep Grazing on Hay Yield and Quality on Gökçeada Island, Turkey

(1) Background: The effects of prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) control measures (pulling out, burning and cutting) and grazing on the botanical composition, grazeable dry matter (GDM) yield and nutritional values of rangeland were investigated on Imbros Island (Turkey) in 2010–2013. (2) Methods: The rangeland was grazed by Imbros sheep during the last year of the experiment. About 0.15 ha of rangeland was allocated to each sheep and five sheep were placed in each plot. Grazing was continuous throughout the year. (3) Results: Shrub levels decreased by 50–60% due to pulling out, burning and cutting in the first year and herbaceous species increased. Forbs increased more in the pulled and burnt plots and grasses increased more in the cut plots. In the third year, the shrub level increased to 60–65% and herbaceous species decreased. The decrease in herbaceous species was observed mostly in forbs. Plant cover was mostly (58%) composed of annual species. Development decreased plant cover ratios, but this decrease ceased in the burnt plot in the third year. Grazing also reduced plant cover. Crude protein (CP), NDF, ADF and digestible dry matter (DDM) content did not vary significantly over the experimental period. CP and DDM increased, NDF decreased and ADF did not change in the development plots. Overall, significant differences were not observed in GDM yield and nutritional values due to development efforts (pulling out, burning and cutting). (4) Conclusions: However, cutting is difficult over stony and rough terrain and pulling out creates erosion on sloping surfaces. Therefore, burning is recommended over the entire rangeland and burning or pulling out is recommended over smooth terrain for the temporary control of S. spinosum