Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation and molecular docking of 2, 4, 5-Tri- imidazole Derivatives

In this study trisubstituted imidazole was synthesized in high yields via a components reaction of aromatic aldehydes, benzil, and ammonium acetate catalyzed by glacial acetic acid employing microwaves irradiation and comparing it to conventional methods, using a basic synthetic process and a simple purification method.  Microwave irradiation is an easy, clean, rapid, effective, and inexpensive method for synthesizing organic compounds that has become known as a tool for green chemistry. By using this method, chemical reactions can be sped up from hours to minutes. All of the prepared compounds were investigated using a variety of spectroscopic methods, including FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and C.H.N. Their (in vitro) antibacterial activities on three bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli) were evaluated. The disk test diffusion method was used to evaluate the new imidazole derivatives as a potential antibacterial activity. Among the compounds tested compounds 4b and 4c showed the highest antibacterial activities at a concentration of 200μg/mL and 300μg/mL respectively. The newly synthesized four compounds were evaluated in silico by docking studies to recognize their biological activities and they produced positive docking scores and acceptable binding interactions in molecular docking tests on the target Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis as receptors (PDB ID: 6xji, 6ul7 and 7asa) respectively.  The molecular docking results showed that 4b with Staphylococcus aureus, compound 4c with Escherichia coli, and compound 4c with Bacillus subtilis are well and have the lowest binding energies in the active site areas of all targets. The current findings show that the recently synthesized compounds have promising inhibitory efficacy and can be used as antibacterial

DIMENSIONS OF THE QUALITY OF SERVICE IN THE JORDANIAN TOURISM COMPANIES AND THEIR RELATIONS TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

The present study aimed to reveal the reality of the dimensions of quality of service in the Jordanian tourism companies and their relationship to customer satisfaction. Preliminary data have been collected from customers through questionnaire has been designed for this purpose, after analyzing the data, the study found a positive relationship between reliability, safety, credibility and tangibility and customers satisfaction among Jordanian tourism companies. While there was no relationship between the responsiveness and eligibility and between customer satisfaction in tourism companies The study recommended that the tourism companies have to continue and concern of all the components of service quality and to enhance it in order to get the satisfaction of employees. The Jordanian tourism companies have to concern over the responsiveness and eligibility regard the respond to the customer needs, and the administration of the company should take care of the customers’ complaints and queries. The employees should shorten some of the actions in order to speed customer service. Signboards should be available at the time of provision of services, and provide a sufficient number of staff who provides service to customers. The companies should raise the efficiency of the staff, raise their deductive ability to perform their roles, provide them with the knowledge to their work, to provide staff with adequate information about the service provided, and the company should pay attention that the staff provides the services with highly skilled

Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae: Challenges and Efficiency

Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a costeffective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. As such, this review focuses on PW generation in the oil and gas industry, PW characteristics, and examines the available technologies that can be used for PW remediation, with specific attention to algal-based technologies. In addition, the various aspects of algae growth and cultivation in PW, the effect of growth conditions, water quality parameters, and the corresponding treatment performance are presented. Lastly, this review emphasizes the bioremediation of PW using algae and highlights how to harvest algae that can be processed to generate biofuels for added-value products as a sustainable approach.Scopu

Performance analysis of a medium-sized industrial reverse osmosis brackish water desalination plant

YesThe implementation of Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology is noticeably increased to produce freshwater from brackish and seawater resources. In this work, performance analysis of a multistage multi pass medium-sized spiral wound brackish water RO (BWRO) desalination plant (1200 m³/day) of Arab Potash Company (APC) located in Jordan is evaluated using modelling and simulation. For this purpose, a mathematical model for the spiral wound RO process based on the principles of solution diffusion model is developed. The model is then used to simulate the operating conditions of low-salinity brackish water RO (BWRO) desalination plant. The results obtained are then compared against the real industrial data of BWRO desalination plant of APC which shows a high-level of consistency. Finally, the model is used to analysis the impact of the operating parameters such as salinity, pressure, temperature, and flow rate on the plant performance. The sensitivity analysis confirms that both feed flow rate and operating pressure as the critical parameters that positively affect the product salinity

Scope and limitations of modelling, simulation, and optimisation of a spiral wound reverse osmosis process-basedwater desalination

YesThe reverse osmosis (RO) process is one of the best desalination methods, using membranes to reject several impurities from seawater and brackish water. To systematically perceive the transport phenomena of solvent and solutes via the membrane texture, several mathematical models have been developed. To date, a large number of simulation and optimisation studies have been achieved to gauge the influence of control variables on the performance indexes, to adjust the key variables at optimum values, and to realise the optimum production indexes. This paper delivers an intensive review of the successful models of theROprocess and both simulation and optimisation studies carried out on the basis of the models developed. In general, this paper investigates the scope and limitations of the RO process, as well as proving the maturity of the associated perspective methodologies

Simulation and optimisation of a medium scale reverse osmosis brackish water desalination system under variable feed quality: Energy saving and maintenance opportunity

YesIn this work, we considered model-based simulation and optimisation of a medium scale brackish water desalination process. The mathematical model is validated using actual multistage RO plant data of Al- Hashemite University (Jordan). Using the validated model, the sensitivity of different operating parameters such as pump pressure, brackish water flow rate and seasonal water temperature (covering the whole year) on the performance indicators such as productivity, product salinity and specific energy consumption of the process is conducted. For a given feed flow rate and pump pressure, winter season produces less freshwater that in summer in line with the assumption that winter water demand is less than that in summer. With the soaring energy prices globally, any opportunity for the reduction of energy is not only desirable from the economic point of view but is an absolute necessity to meet the net zero carbon emission pledge by many nations, as globally most desalination plants use fossil fuel as the main source of energy. Therefore, the second part of this paper attempts to minimise the specific energy consumption of the RO system using model-based optimisation technique. The study resulted not only 19 % reduction in specific energy but also 4.46 % increase in productivity in a particular season of the year. For fixed product demand, this opens the opportunity for scheduling cleaning and maintenance of the RO process without having to consider full system shutdown

Thermodynamic Limitations and Exergy Analysis of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process

YesThe reverse osmosis (RO) process is one of the most popular membrane technologies for the generation of freshwater from seawater and brackish water resources. An industrial scale RO desalination consumes a considerable amount of energy due to the exergy destruction in several units of the process. To mitigate these limitations, several colleagues focused on delivering feasible options to resolve these issues. Most importantly, the intention was to specify the most units responsible for dissipating energy. However, in the literature, no research has been done on the analysis of exergy losses and thermodynamic limitations of the RO system of the Arab Potash Company (APC). Specifically, the RO system of the APC is designed as a medium-sized, multistage, multi pass spiral wound brackish water RO desalination plant with a capacity of 1200 m3/day. Therefore, this paper intends to fill this gap and critically investigate the distribution of exergy destruction by incorporating both physical and chemical exergies of several units and compartments of the RO system. To carry out this study, a sub-model of exergy analysis was collected from the open literature and embedded into the original RO model developed by the authors of this study. The simulation results explored the most sections that cause the highest energy destruction. Specifically, it is confirmed that the major exergy destruction happens in the product stream with 95.8% of the total exergy input. However, the lowest exergy destruction happens in the mixing location of permeate of the first pass of RO desalination system with 62.28% of the total exergy input

Scope and Limitations of Modelling, Simulation, and Optimisation of a Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Process-Based Water Desalination

The reverse osmosis (RO) process is one of the best desalination methods, using membranes to reject several impurities from seawater and brackish water. To systematically perceive the transport phenomena of solvent and solutes via the membrane texture, several mathematical models have been developed. To date, a large number of simulation and optimisation studies have been achieved to gauge the influence of control variables on the performance indexes, to adjust the key variables at optimum values, and to realise the optimum production indexes. This paper delivers an intensive review of the successful models of the RO process and both simulation and optimisation studies carried out on the basis of the models developed. In general, this paper investigates the scope and limitations of the RO process, as well as proving the maturity of the associated perspective methodologies

Evaluation and minimisation of energy consumption in a medium-scale reverse osmosis brackish water desalination plant

YesThe Reverse Osmosis (RO) process has been expansively used in water treatment as a result of its low energy consumption compared to thermal distillation processes, leading to reduced overall water production cost. Evaluation and minimisation of energy consumption (expressed in kWh/m3 of fresh water production) in a medium-scale spiral wound brackish water RO (BWRO) desalination plant of the Arab Potash Company (APC) are the main aims of this research. The model developed earlier by the authors has been integrated to simulate the process and achieve the main aims. Energy consumption calculations of low salinity BWRO desalination plant, with and without an energy recovery device, have been carried out using the gPROMS software suite. In other words, this research evaluated the impact of adding an energy recovery device on the RO process energy consumption of the APC, which is introduced for the first time. Also, the effects of several operating conditions of BWRO process include the feed flow rate, pressure and temperature on the performance indicators, which include the energy consumption and total plant recovery at different energy recovery device efficiencies, were studied. The simulation results showed that the total energy consumption could be reduced at low values of feed flow rates and pressures and high values of temperatures. More importantly, there is an opportunity to reduce the total energy consumption between 47% and 53.8% compared to the one calculated for the original design without an energy recovery device

Performance evaluation of a medium-scale industrial reverse osmosis brackish water desalination plant with different brands of membranes. A simulation study

NoBrackish water can be considered an important source of fresh water, via desalination, especially for arid districts. Reverse Osmosis (RO) process has been successfully used to produce fresh water from brackish water sources. However, there is still the challenge of improving the performance of multistage RO desalination plants. From the selection of the RO configurations to the selection of the appropriate type of membranes and the operating conditions at the end determines the performance of RO process in terms of recovery, salt rejection, energy consumptions and ultimately the cost of production of freshwater. Using model-based simulation, this work attempts to investigate the most suitable types of membranes for an industrial scale RO plant from a set of different membrane brands that would attain the highest-performance at lowest specific energy consumption (SEC). As a case study, we considered a multistage multi-pass medium-scale RO plant (1200 m3/day) of Arab Potash Company (APC, Jordan) which produces high quality water for the boilers after pre-treatment stage. The simulation results confirmed that employment of the Filmtec BW30LE-440 would increase water recovery by about 22% besides reducing the product salinity and SEC by about 15% and 10%, respectively compared to the existing membrane