Factors affecting the quality of groundwater resources and its effects in Turkey

1st International Underground Resources and Energy Conference, 6-8 October 2016, Yozgat, TurkeyMany civilizations have been located along the water basins throughout history. Civilizations have enabled the survival and growth by these water resources in world. For natural wealth, the need of water is increase. Therefore, investigation of the water potential, available of protection, efficient and planned use has begun to supply vital

Application of geothermal energy and its environmental problems in Turkey

Human beings have been benefiting from geothermal energy for different uses since the dawn of the civilisation in many parts of the world. One of the earliest uses of geothermal energy was for heating and it was used extensively by Romans in Turkey. The Aegean region is favoured by a large number of thermal springs known since ancient times. However, it was first in the 20th century that geothermal energy was used on a large scale for direct use and electricity generation. The country's installed heat capacity is 2,705 MWt for direct use and 322.39 MWe for power production. In parallel to developing geothermal energy applications in Turkey, many sites are now experiencing problems such as water contamination associated with geothermal fluid. Especially, the high temperature solution of elements and compounds, causes operational limitations in geothermal power plants. These limitations are due to the severe scaling and corrosion of geothermal fluid. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd

Climate change mitigation with renewable energy: Geothermal

On a global scale, there is increasing evidence that climate is changing and of a discernible human influence. Many of scientists are confident that if current emissions of greenhouse gases continue, the world will be warmer, sea levels will rise and regional climate patterns will change. According to some scientist, global temperatures are expected to rise faster over the next century than over any time during the last 10,000 years. From this token, geothermal energy is now considered to be one of the most important alternative energy sources to minimize climate change. Geothermal technologies for power generation or direct use operate with little or no greenhouse gas emissions. Geothermal energy is generally accepted as being an environmentally-friendly energy source, particularly when compared to fossil fuel energy sources. Geothermal resources have long been used for direct heat extraction for district urban heating, industrial processing, domestic water and space heating, leisure and balneotherapy applications. Geothermal energy is used in more than 80 countries for direct heat application and 24 countries for power generation. Re-injection of fluids maintains a constant pressure in the reservoir, thus increasing the field's life and reducing concerns about environmental impacts. Geothermal energy has several significant characteristics that make it suitable for climate change mitigation

The impacts of planning criteria’s on groundwater sources: case of İzmir new city center

IWA 2nd Regional Symposium on water, wastewater and environment, 22-24 March 2017, Cesme, İzmirCities with historical background, according to their geographic or economic alteration generally possess different town centers. Mostly for better protection against human or non-human factors the center of cities are relocated. The city of Ġzmir is one the magnificent case of city center resettlements. The premier location of city that is estimated to be 5000-8000 years before was in Bornova reeds in the north. Far from the sea and as results of serious disease the settlement relocated to Smyrna in Bayraklı. Smyrna was then abounded after massive earthquakes. Pagos hills (Kadifekale) with its great defending potential become the next city of Smyrna. Then, the economic value of harbor and rail-way moved the city to the cost. In all this location selection, geographic characters present crucial role in optimizing the decision

Numerical flood models in the projected waste disposal site in İzmir

IWA 2nd Regional Symposium on water, wastewater and environment, 22-24 March 2017, Cesme, İzmirDetermination the location of waste disposal sites has always been a challenge for researchers and government organizations. Since the problem on fundamental level is complicated and bound to several of parameters. The effects of the project from the perspectives of economic, social and environmental should be evaluated delicately. This study focuses on surface water accumulation and flood effects; one of the several criteria at the step of decision making to determine the location of waste disposal sites. As a candidate area Yamanlar region (Izmir), where is located on the caldera, is chosen for examining from surface water effects

Effect of urbanization on groundwater resources of Izmir City

4th International Water Congress, 2-4 November 2017, Izmir-Turkeyİzmir is the third largest city in Turkey. Fifty­six percent of the drinking water of İzmir city is provided from groundwater resources. Halkapınar (located on Bornova Plain) is one of the important groundwater resources areas. This region is providing 16 % of İzmir drinking resources. The water withdraws from the Halkapınar wells is about 30 million m3 in recent years. The groundwater levels of Bornova plain are range from 1 m to 10m. This plain had been used as agricultural lands until the 1950s, while today they have been opened for settlement. In 1965 Bornova accommodated half of its population in rural areas after receiving so much immigration. It was inevitable to open the city­centre to housing and to consider the surrounding village areas as urban areas. By the year 2000, the rural population had already been melted into the urban population. The agricultural areas in rural parts of the country will have completely disappeared in 50 years' time. Much of the surface of the plain is rendered impermeable by buildings, roads and surface coverings. Because of this covering, groundwater recharge is reduced and increases and accelerates runoff the plain. The groundwater recharge from precipitation was about 27 % in 1925, but this amount dropped to 13% in 2012. Groundwater recharge from precipitation will be 1% in 2030. Hydrodynamic of plain is change because of excessive urbanization. Groundwater level of the plain still high because tall building makes a barrier for groundwater recharge points

The use of cokriging algorithm for arsenic mapping in groundwater systems

5th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment Conference (IPWE 2012), MoroccoAccurate mapping of the spatial distribution of arsenic in groundwater is an important but equally difficult task to complete due to a number of uncertainties. Classical univariate interpolation algorithms could sometimes be insufficient to capture high concentration and high gradient areas. Under these circumstances, the use of an auxiliary parameter could provide better estimates of arsenic distribution. Based on this premise, arsenic cokriging with a correlated parameter can improve the performance of interpolation and can enhance the quality of predictions. In order to test this hypothesis, a water quality dataset from an arsenic containing aquifer in Simav Plain, Turkey is used to develop arsenic distribution maps. Arsenic is cokriged with correlated parameters such as manganese, iron and dissolved oxygen; and the results are compared with univariate interpolation algorithms such as ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighing. The comparisons were performed with cross validation at sampling locations and assessed based on mean and root mean squared errors. The results revealed that maps developed using arsenic cokriging with iron have given the smallest error value and have shown closest fit to the extreme values in the dataset. Accordingly, arsenic cokriging with iron is believed to be a promising approach in mapping arsenic distributions in groundwater

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acidic water sources around Can Region, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

The 8th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, 13-17 October 2014 / Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TurkeyAcid rock drainage (ARD) is one of the major sources of water pollution in some countries. Densely generation of ARD have been seen around Can Region (Biga Peninsula-NW Turkey) due to altered (silicification, argillic alteration) volcanic rocks which contain sulfide minerals and specially pyrite and there is inadequate availability of neutralizing carbonate minerals. Forty water samples (including 17 drilling, 5 drinking water, and 18 spring water) were collected from 2011 to 2012. The result show that pH of water samples is lower than 5 in most part of study area

Groundwater quality and hydrogeochemical properties of Torbali Region, Izmir, Turkey

The large demand for drinking, irrigation and industrial water in the region of Torbalö (Izmir, Turkey) is supplied from groundwater sources. Almost every factory and farm has private wells that are drilled without permission. These cause the depletion of groundwater and limiting the usage of groundwater. This study investigates spatial and temporal change in groundwater quality, relationships between quality parameters, and sources of contamination in Torbali region. For this purpose, samples were collected from 10 different sampling points chosen according to their geological and hydrogeological properties and location relative to factories, between October 2001 and July 2002. Various physical (pH, temperature, EC), chemical (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, alkalinity, copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, zinc) and organic (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, COD and cyanide) parameters were monitored. It was observed that the groundwater has bicarbonate alkalinity. Agricultural contamination was determined in the region, especially during the summer. Nitrite and ammonia concentrations were found to be above drinking water standard. Organic matter contamination was also investigated in the study area. COD concentrations were higher than the permissible limits during the summer months of the monitoring period

Hydrogeochemistry of geothermal resources in the eastern part of Turkey: A case study, Varto Region

World Geothermal Congress 2010, 25-29 April 2010 Bali, IndonesiaVarto, in the eastern part of Turkey, is settled around the conjunction point of the East Anatolian (EAF) and North Anatolian (NAF) Fault zones. The border of these tectonic zones constitutes seismic belts marked by young volcanic associations and active faults, the latter allowing circulation of waters as well as heat. For this reason, there are various geothermal systems having several hot water springs in the region. The distribution of hot water springs in the Varto Region roughly parallels the distribution of the fault systems and young volcanism. Samples from five hot water and two mineral water springs together with cold (peripheral) waters were collected. Hot water samples were assessed through geothermometers in terms of geothermal usage opportunities