Social returns to education in a developing country

This paper estimates social returns to education in Turkey. Most evidence on spillovers from human capital comes mostly from developed countries, and estimates vary from country to country. The paper nds that social returns to education are around 3-4%, whereas private returns per year of education amount to 5% in Turkey. Moreover, the findings indicate that workers with lower skills, or working in sectors with lower average wages benet most from externalities. The results are robust to a series of checks, using a number of individual and regional controls, as well as instrumental variable estimation

Education-occupation mismatch in Turkish labor market

There is a consensus that one of the most important ingredients for high and sustainable growth is human capital accumulation. Yet, a dierent strand of literature argues that there are some frictions in the labor markets of most countries that result in possible education-occupation mismatches, and consequently inefficiencies. Despite a significant amount of research using data from advanced economies there are very few studies on developing economies. Considering that human capital is scarce in these countries, whether it is efficiently allocated is arguably relatively more important. This paper using data from two different years examines the incidence of overeducation in Turkey. The ndings show that there is a signicant amount of over- and undereducated workers, and they are paid signicantly less than those with the same level of education but working in jobs that require education levels that match their own. The magnitude of the incidence and the impact of mismatches on wages are, however, not too different than in most developed economies

Schur functions and their realizations in the slice hyperholomorphic setting

we start the study of Schur analysis in the quaternionic setting using the theory of slice hyperholomorphic functions. The novelty of our approach is that slice hyperholomorphic functions allows to write realizations in terms of a suitable resolvent, the so called S-resolvent operator and to extend several results that hold in the complex case to the quaternionic case. We discuss reproducing kernels, positive definite functions in this setting and we show how they can be obtained in our setting using the extension operator and the slice regular product. We define Schur multipliers, and find their co-isometric realization in terms of the associated de Branges-Rovnyak space

A Schur Transformation for Functions in a General Class of Domains

In this paper we present a framework in which the Schur transformation and the basic interpolation problem for generalized Schur functions, generalized Nevanlinna functions and the like can be studied in a unified way. The basic object is a general class of functions for which a certain kernel has a finite number of negative squares. The results are based on and generalize those in previous papers of the first three authors on the Schur transformation in an indefinite setting

Exchange rates and employment in Turkish manufacturing

This paper investigates the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on Turkish manufacturing employment and wages using data for a panel of manufacturing industries over the period 1981-1999. The net effect of depreciations are found to be negative for both employment and wages, though the effects on wages are more pronounced. The negative effect of high dependency of Turkish manufacturing industries on foreign inputs overcomes the positive effect of depreciations on competitiveness.exchange rates, labor market, manufacturing, Turkey

Education-occupation mismatch in Turkish labor market

There is a consensus that one of the most important ingredients for high and sustainable growth is human capital accumulation. Yet, a different strand of literature argues that there are some frictions in the labor markets of most countries that result in possible education-occupation mismatches, and consequently inefficiencies. Despite a significant amount of research using data from advanced economies there are very few studies on developing economies. Considering that human capital is scarce in these countries, whether it is efficiently allocated is arguably relatively more important. This paper using data from two different years examines the incidence of overeducation in Turkey. The findings show that there is a significant amount of over- and undereducated workers, and they are paid significantly less than those with the same level of education but working in jobs that require education levels that match their own. The magnitude of the incidence and the impact of mismatches on wages are, however, not too different than in most developed economies.human capital, overeducation, returns to schooling, Turkey

Social returns to education in a developing country

This paper estimates social returns to education in Turkey. Most evidence on spillovers from human capital comes mostly from developed countries, and estimates vary from country to country. The paper finds that social returns to education are around 3-4%, whereas private returns per year of education amount to 5% in Turkey. Moreover, the findings indicate that workers with lower skills, or working in sectors with lower average wages benefit most from externalities. The results are robust to a series of checks, using a number of individual and regional controls, as well as instrumental variable estimation.human capital externalities, returns to education, wages

Channel switching behavior during the modernization of grocery retailing in Turkey

(a) Purpose: Considering the increasing competition and channel diversity due to retail modernization we aim to study the channel switching behavior progress in a long horizon and the customer-related factors as influencers of channel switching. (b) Design/Methodology/Approach: Major channel switching behaviors of households are analyzed during six years, using household panel data covering grocery purchases from supermarket, local market and traditional channels in Turkey. Household demographics and behavioral variables are induced from dataset and Logistic regression model is employed to measure the effects of customer-related variables on the probability of channel switching. (c) Findings: Traditional channel still keeps the highest loyal customer base in Turkey. Loyalty to both traditional channel and supermarkets decreases, while to local markets increases by time. Households loyal to traditional channel transfer either a small amount of their purchases to modern channels or make modern channels their major channel occasionally. In any case, there is a transition period experienced in Turkish grocery retail market. A multi-channel usage behavior or higher adoption to modern channel might me the result of this transition. (d) Research Limitations/Implications: Channel level analysis limits to define channel-related variables, such as price, place, product-variety specific to each channel format. Excluding these variables might explain partially the low explanatory power of the model. (e) Practical Implications: Analyzing channel-switching behavior, its progression and explaining determinants is important for retailers and producers in predicting the future of market structure, modern retail customer base and in designing the growth strategies. The variables influencing channel switching help to explain some barriers of modern retail development

Point evaluation and Hardy space on a homogeneous tree

We consider transfer functions of time--invariant systems as defined by Basseville, Benveniste, Nikoukhah and Willsky when the discrete time is replaced by the nodes of an homogeneous tree. The complex numbers are now replaced by a C*-algebra built from the structure of the tree. We define a point evaluation with values in this C*-algebra and a corresponding ``Hardy space'' in which a Cauchy's formula holds. This point evaluation is used to define in this context the counterpart of classical notions such as Blaschke factors. There are deep analogies with the non stationary setting as developed by the first author, Dewilde and Dym.Comment: Added references, changed notation

Entwicklung von reagenzfrei kovalentes Quervernetzen der chitosan-gelatine Grundgerüste Development of reagent-free covalent crosslinking of chitosan-gelatin scaffolds

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