A study into the application of ultrasound and liposome combination on skin permeability

The aim of our study was to determine whether such skin repair ability of liposomes would also apply to damage caused by low-frequency ultrasound. The latter is being investigated in our laboratories for skin vaccination. Thus, the effects of US and liposomes on the in vitro skin permeation of a model antigen (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) and the in vivo trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL - an indicator of skin barrier properties) were determined

Needle-free skin immunization using low-frequency ultrasound

In this abstract, we report our study on the influence of the various experimental parameters on the immune responses in an attempt to optimize the protocol

Transcutaneous immunisation assisted by low-frequency ultrasound.

Low-frequency ultrasound application is known to increase the skin's permeability to large molecules such as vaccines, and to enable transcutaneous immunisation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - a skin irritant - is often included in the coupling medium at 1% (w/v), as this has been found to enhance skin permeability. In this paper we show, for the first time, the feasibility of low-frequency ultrasound-assisted transcutaneous immunisation in the absence of SDS. Antibody titres were strongly influenced by experimental conditions. SDS presence in the coupling medium increased antibody titres, though a lower concentration of 0.5% (w/v) generated much higher titres than the commonly used 1% (w/v), despite causing less skin damage. A lower ultrasound duty cycle of 10% generated higher antibody titres than a duty cycle of 20%, also despite causing lower skin damage. Such lack of correlation between skin damage and immune responses indicates that enhancement of skin permeability to topically applied antigen (as indicated by changes in skin integrity) was not the main mechanism of low-frequency ultrasound-assisted skin immunisation

The braking indices in pulsar emission models

Using the method proposed in a previous paper, we calculate pulsar braking indices in the models with torque contributions from both inner and outer accelerating regions, assuming that the interaction between them is negligible. We suggest that it is likely that the inverse Compton scattering induced polar vacuum gap and the outer gap coexist in the pulsar magnetosphere. We include the new near threshold vacuum gap models with curvature-radiation and inverse Compton scattering induced cascades, respectively; and find that these models can well reproduce the measured values of the braking indices.Comment: A&Ap accepted, or at http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/~rxxu/publications/index_P.ht