Resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy of jet-cooled PdSi

Journal ArticleThe spectra of diatomic PdSi have been investigated for the first time, using the technique of resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. A number of vibronic transitions have been observed in the 20 400?22 000 cm?1 range. It is difficult to group the bands into band systems, although one likely band system has been identified. Three bands have been rotationally resolved and analyzed, two of which are perturbed by interactions with other states. The data show that the ground state of PdSi has ? = 0, and a bond length of r"0 = 2.0824(3) ?. Comparisons to previously published density functional theory calculations provide strong support for the assignment of the ground state to the 1?2 2?2 1?4 1?4 3?2, 1? + term, which is predicted to be the ground state in the alculations. The much shorter bond length and greater bond energy of PdSi, as compared to its isoelectronic counterpart, AlAg, demonstrate that there is strong ? bonding in PdSi, as has been previously found for the other nickel group silicides, NiSi and PtSi

Spectroscopy of diatomic ZrF and ZrCl: 760 ? 555 nm

Journal ArticleThe optical spectrum of diatomic ZrF has been investigated, with transitions recorded in the range from 14 700 to 18 000 cm?1. Many bands have been observed, several of which can be grouped into three band systems. Rotationally resolved investigations are hampered by perturbations that are rampant among the excited states, but three unperturbed bands have revealed that the ground state of ZrF has ?" = 3/2, with a bond length of r"e = 1.854(1) ?. Hot bands originating from v" = 1 provide the ground state vibrational interval, ?G"1/2 = 691.45(2) cm?1 for 90Zr19F. Based on comparisons to ZrCl and ligand-field considerations, the ZrF ground state is assigned as a 2?3/2 level deriving from the 3?2 1?1 configuration, in agreement with a previous study. In addition to the measurements on ZrF, vibronically resolved spectra of ZrCl have been recorded over the 13 000 to 18 000 cm?1 range, and four band systems have been identified

Synthetic phospholipid vesicles containing a purified viral antigen and cell membrane proteins stimulate the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Synthetic phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) containing the purified glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and solubilized membrane proteins from cells of the appropriate H-2 haplotype elicited H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that lysed VSV-infected target cells. The CTL were elicited by intact liposomes, not by released components. Thus, when spleen cells from VSV-primed H-2d X H- 2b hybrid mice were stimulated with liposomes having G protein + membrane proteins from cells with one of the parental H-2 haplotypes, the resulting CTL lysed only VSV-infected target cells with that parent's H-2 type. This result argues against the view that T cells in general recognize only processed antigenic fragments on macrophages. Moreover, liposomes were only effective when G protein and cell membrane proteins were included in the same vesicles. This result suggests that for effective interaction with CTL precursors the antigen (G protein) and products of the H-2 complex must be closer to each other than 600-1,000 angstrom, the diameter of the lipid vesicles used in this study

Why aren’t signals of female quality more common?

ArticleHighlights In most species females are less ornamented than males. We suggest a novel reason for this pattern. If females signal their sexual quality, they may suffer increased sexual harassment. Ornaments could therefore be especially costly for females.We thank the Editor and the anonymous referees for helpful comments and the Leverhulme Trust, NERC and the Royal Society for funding

On the resolution of sexual conflict over shared traits.

Anisogamy, different-sized male and female gametes, sits at the heart of sexual selection and conflict between the sexes. Sperm producers (males) and egg producers (females) of the same species generally share most, if not all, of the same genome, but selection frequently favours different trait values in each sex for traits common to both. The extent to which this conflict might be resolved, and the potential mechanisms by which this can occur, have been widely debated. Here, we summarize recent findings and emphasize that once the sexes evolve, sexual selection is ongoing, and therefore new conflict is always possible. In addition, sexual conflict is largely a multivariate problem, involving trait combinations underpinned by networks of interconnected genes. Although these complexities can hinder conflict resolution, they also provide multiple possible routes to decouple male and female phenotypes and permit sex-specific evolution. Finally, we highlight difficulty in the study of sexual conflict over shared traits and promising directions for future research

Masseter Muscle Position Relative to Skeletal Open Bite and Skeletal Closed Bite

Modification of cephalometric roentgenographic procedures provided a means to identify the anterior borders of the right and left masseter muscles and relate them to surrounding dentoskeletal elements. Attachment of short, stiff, wires to the cheeks in a position superficial to the anterior borders of the muscles, subsequent to palpation and prior to exposure of the roentgenographic film, was the procedure used. The bi-lateral images projected on the film were averaged and traced along with dentoskeletal elements including those associated with skeletal type. This line representing the anterior border of the musculature was used to assess muscle position in the vertical and anterior-posterior dimensions of space. Five measurements indicative of skeletal type were employed for the purpose of dividing a sample of 80 subjects into three groups. The statistic of one standard deviation from the mean was used to divide the sample into groups representative of skeletal open bite, closed bite and normal. The values obtained from the cephalometric tracings were subjected to statistical procedures, including student t tests and correlation analysis to compare muscle position between the two extreme groups. Comparison of the skeletal open bite and closed bite groups revealed a more horizontally placed masseter musculature, relative to S-N, Frankfort and palatal planes, in the open bite group. The skeletal open bite group had a more vertically inclined musculature than did the closed bite group when relating it to the mandibular plane. Masseter muscle attachment sites, per se, revealed no apparent difference between the two groups. Masseter muscle inclination, relative to occlusal plane, was the same in skeletal open bite and closed bite individuals

La zona franca de Manabí (ZOFRAMA Y ZONAMANTA) y la zona especial de desarrollo económico Eloy Alfaro : Análisis comparativo 2014

Zona franca. Crecimiento regionalLos gobiernos de países del mundo buscan cada vez mecanismos y políticas que generen mayores ingresos de divisas, incrementen la productividad y eleven el empleo; las Zonas Francas estaban orientadas a cumplir este objetivo, pero en el país no han dado los resultados esperados, razón por la cual, se creó el nuevo modelo de Zona Especial de Desarrollo Económico ZEDE, entrando en vigencia con el Código Orgánico de la Producción el 22 de diciembre del 2010 , donde las Zonas Francas serian reemplazadas por la ZEDE como destino aduanero, con el fin de generar exportaciones que puedan sustituir progresivamente la importaciones.The governments of countries around the world are increasingly seeking mechanisms and policies that generate higher foreign exchange earnings, increase productivity, and raise employment; FTZs were oriented to meet this objective, but in the country have not yielded the expected results, which is why the new model Special Zone ZEDE Economic Development was established and entered into force with the Organic Code of Production the December 22, 2010, where the FTZ would be replaced by the ZEDE as customs destination, in order to generate exports that could gradually replace imports

ESTUDIO DE PRE-FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN ESTABLECIMIENTO COMERCIAL ESPECIALIZADO EN ARTÍCULOS PARA EL ADULTO MAYOR EN LA CIUDAD DE AREQUIPA 2013

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar la viabilidad técnica, económica y financiera de un estudio de pre-factibilidad para la implementación de una establecimiento comercial especializado en artículos para el adulto mayor en la ciudad de Arequipa 2013, la pesquisa se realizó en la Ciudad de Arequipa Capital del Departamento de Arequipa de la República del Perú. Los principales estudios realizados en el presente proyecto fueron: Estudio de Mercado, Estudio Técnico, Estudio de Organización, Estudio Legal y Estudio Económico-Financiero. La estructura general de la tesis está constituida por los siguientes capítulos: CAPITULO I En este capítulo se encuentra el Planteamiento Teórico, conteniendo la descripción del problema, justificación, objetivos, el marco teórico y la hipótesis. El Marco Teórico consta en exponer las definiciones que tratan las materias de esta investigación de mercado. La hipótesis de esta investigación se centró en el estudio de la determinación de la instalación de dicha empresa de comercialización de artículos para el adulto mayor. CAPITULO II En este capítulo se encuentra el Planteamiento Operacional, conteniendo las técnicas e instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos, el campo de verificación y la estrategia de recolección de datos. ‐ 4 ‐  CAPITULO III En este capítulo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la investigación; se hace un análisis del macro entorno y un análisis de micro entorno. Se presentan los resultados de las encuestas tomando como muestra de forma aleatoria con el mismo grado de probabilidad de ser elegidos de 245 ciudadanos de 60 años a más que residen en Arequipa. En el siguiente punto se muestra los detalles técnicos de los productos, la justificación del tamaño, localización y la distribución de espacios del establecimiento comercial. Se describe el tipo de organización que tendrá la empresa, una Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada (E.I.R.L.) y se determina las políticas de la empresa. Se presenta la estructura organizacional, el perfil de cada puesto y los requerimientos de personal, luego se desarrollan los aspectos legales, tributarios, laborales y los pasos que se debe seguir para la creación de empresa como PYME. Seguidamente se define la inversión a realizar, el financiamiento del proyecto, los presupuestos de Ingresos y Egresos. Asimismo se determina el Punto de Equilibrio, se muestra los Estados Financieros proyectados. Posteriormente se demuestra la viabilidad económica y financiera del proyecto a través de los resultados de los indicadores de rentabilidad; así como un análisis de sensibilidad. Finalmente, se recomienda mantenerse pendientes de la legislación nueva, realizar investigaciones de mercado constantes, recurrir a la publicidad de alto impacto, poseer un permanente grado de innovación en los productos, evitar causar perjuicios al medio ambiente. Este análisis demostró que si es factible la instalación de la empresa porque existe una demanda insatisfecha en el mercado de artículos para el adulto mayor

El tren vuelve a la sabana : reflexiones sobre los posibles impactos del Regiotram en sectores urbanos de los municipios de Funza, Mosquera y Madrid, en el marco del proceso de metropolización

En el marco del proceso de metropolización entre Bogotá y los municipios del eje occidente de la Sabana, los cuales desde finales del siglo XIX estuvieron conectados por un ferrocarril que más adelante cayó en desuso, surge como propuesta para mitigar las necesidades de movilidad de la creciente población localizada en estos municipios, la reactivación de la línea férrea a través de un tren ligero denominado RegioTram. Abordar las complejidades que implica la instalación de un sistema de movilidad de escala regional y los impactos que posiblemente genere sobre los sectores urbanos consolidados con los que tenga contacto su operación, es pertinente en la reflexión sobre la forma en que se realiza la planeación urbana ante fenómenos de distintas escalas. Ya que el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los posibles impactos de la instalación del sistema del tren de cercanías en los sectores urbanos de contacto con la estructura urbana de los municipios Funza, Mosquera y Madrid, para formular sugerencias de políticas y estrategias de articulación urbana de las áreas impactadas, es interesante la reflexión final según la cual, los impactos posibles no sólo tendrán que ver con la morfología urbana y la movilidad, sino con otros elementos de índole sociocultural. Y para ello es imprescindible que la planificación urbana y regional se adapte desde su carácter político-administrativo para poder dar respuesta efectiva a las nuevas realidades.Within the framework of the metropolization process between Bogotá and the municipalities of the western axis of La Sabana, which since the end of the 19th century were connected by a railway that later fell into disuse, it arises as a proposal to mitigate the mobility needs of the growing population located in these municipalities, the reactivation of the railway line through a light rail called RegioTram. Addressing the complexities involved in the installation of a regional-scale mobility system and the possible impacts on the consolidated urban sectors with which its operation has contact, is relevant in the reflection on the way in which urban planning is carried out. phenomena of different scales. Since the objective of this work is to analyze the possible impacts of the installation of the commuter train system in the urban sectors in contact with the urban structure of the Funza, Mosquera and Madrid municipalities, to formulate suggestions for urban articulation policies and strategies of the impacted areas, it is interesting the final reflection according to which, the possible impacts will not only have to do with the urban morphology and mobility, but with other elements of sociocultural nature. And for this it is essential that urban and regional planning is adapted from its political-administrative nature to be able to give an effective response to the new realities.Magíster en Planeación Urbana y RegionalMaestrí