Comparison of Three Processes for Parenteral Nanoemulsion Production: Ultrasounds, Microfluidizer, and Premix Membrane Emulsification

International audienceNanoemulsions are of great interest for pharmaceutical applications, including parenteral dosage forms. However, their production is still limited and requires more efficient and adaptive technologies. The more common systems are high-shear homogenization like microfludizers (MF) at industrial scale and ultrasounds at research scale, both based on high energy limiting their application for sensitive drugs. Recently, a process based on premix membrane emulsification (PME) was developed to produce nanoemulsions. These three processes have been compared for the production of a model parenteral nanoemulsion containing all-trans-retinoic acid, a thermolabile molecule which is used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in a parenteral form. Droplet size and active integrity were studied because of their major interest for efficacy and safety assessment. Regarding droplet size, PME produced monodispersed droplets of 335 nm compared to the other processes which produced nanoemulsions of around 150 nm but with the presence of micron size droplets detected by laser diffraction and optical microscopy. No real difference between the three processes was observed on active degradation during emulsifcation. However, regarding stability, especially at 40 o C nanoemulsions obtained with the microfluidizer showed a greater molecule degradation and unstable nanoemulsion with a 4 times droplet size increase under stress conditions

Sulphated locust bean gum-coated lipid nanocapsules as potential lung delivery carriers

Drugs pertaining to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes II and IV have limitations in their delivery, including in the lung. Therefore, drug delivery carriers have been proposed to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of such drugs. This work proposes lipid nanocapsules (LNC) as a potential platform for lung drug delivery. Locust bean gum (LBG), which is a galactomannan, was used as polymeric shell, protecting the oily core of the nanocapsules and providing their surface with hydrophilic character. Due to the neutral character of LBG, in order to enable nanocapsule formation, a sulphate derivative (LBGS) was prepared, which was confirmed by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged sulphate groups of LBGS and the positively charged groups of the used cationic lipid (1,2-dioleoyloxy-3- trimethylammoniumpropanchloride, DOTAP), allowed the formation of monodisperse nanocapsules, with sizes around 200 nm and strongly negative zeta potentials, between -70 and -85 mV. Envisaging potential lung drug delivery, the LBGS-coated LNC were co-formulated with mannitol using spray-drying, producing microencapsulated nanocapsules. Feret’s diameter was determined to be 2.6 ± 1.8 µm and 3.1 ± 1.9 µm for Man (control) and Man/LNC microparticles, respectively. Further studies are underway in order to optimise both the nanoplatform and the dry powder formulation

Imaging of Dysfunctional Elastogenesis in Atherosclerosis Using an Improved Gadolinium-Based Tetrameric MRI Probe Targeted to Tropoelastin

Dysfunctional elastin turnover plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Failure of tropoelastin cross-linking into mature elastin leads to the accumulation of tropoelastin within the growing plaque, increasing its instability. Here we present Gd4-TESMA, an MRI contrast agent specifically designed for molecular imaging of tropoelastin within plaques. Gd4-TESMA is a tetrameric probe composed of a tropoelastin-binding peptide (the VVGS-peptide) conjugated with four Gd(III)-DOTA-monoamide chelates. It shows a relaxivity per molecule of 34.0 ± 0.8 mM-1 s-1 (20 MHz, 298 K, pH 7.2), a good binding affinity to tropoelastin (KD = 41 ± 12 μM), and a serum half-life longer than 2 h. Gd4-TESMA accumulates specifically in atherosclerotic plaques in the ApoE-/- murine model of plaque progression, with 2 h persistence of contrast enhancement. As compared to the monomeric counterpart (Gd-TESMA), the tetrameric Gd4-TESMA probe shows a clear advantage regarding both sensitivity and imaging time window, allowing for a better characterization of atherosclerotic plaques

Exploiting the cancer niche: Tumor-associated macrophages and hypoxia as promising synergistic targets for nano-based therapy

The tumor microenvironment has been widely exploited as an active participant in tumor progression. Extensive reports have defined the dual role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor development. The protumoral effect exerted by the M2 phenotype has been correlated with a negative outcome in most solid tumors. The high infiltration of immune cells in the hypoxic cores of advanced solid tumors leads to a chain reaction of stimuli that enhances the expression of protumoral genes, thrives tumor malignancy, and leads to the emergence of drug resistance. Many studies have shown therapeutic targeting systems, solely to TAMs or tumor hypoxia, however, novel therapeutics that target both features are still warranted. In the present review, we discuss the role of hypoxia in tumor development and the clinical outcome of hypoxia-targeted therapeutics, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) inhibitors and hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Furthermore, we review the state-of-the-art of macrophage-based cancer therapy. We thoroughly discuss the development of novel therapeutics that simultaneously target TAMs and tumor hypoxia. Nano-based systems have been highlighted as interesting strategies for dual modality treatments, with somewhat improved tissue extravasation. Such approach could be seen as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced solid and metastatic tumors, especially when exploiting cell-based nanotherapies. Finally, we provide an in-depth opinion on the importance of exploiting the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy, and how this could be translated to clinical practice

Polymeric nanoparticle development for targeting and modulating macrophage functions

Les macrophages représentent une population de cellules immunes très présente dans certaines tumeurs malignes au sein desquelles ils vont jouer un rôle marqué dans la progression tumorale. Les macrophages représentent donc une cible thérapeutique intéressante dans le traitement de ces tumeurs infiltrées. Ce ciblage des macrophages peut être envisagé grâce à des vecteurs comme les systèmes d’encapsulation nanoparticulaires connus pour être facilement phagocytés par les macrophages après une administration locale ou parentérale. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a donc été de développer des nanoparticules polymères (NP) capable de cibler les macrophages infiltrés dans la tumeur et de libérer in situ un principe actif encapsulé au sein de ces NP. Les NP pourraient ainsi modifier les fonctions des macrophages ou encore permettre l’utilisation des macrophages comme une réserve d’actif anticancéreux. Après une étude de formulation, des NP à base d’acide poly(D,L)lactique de taille de 200 nm ont été sélectionnées. Ces NP présentent une bonne internalisation par les macrophages in vitro et un ciblage spécifique des macrophages infiltrés dans une tumeur de gliome humain, implantée chez des souris nudes, suite à une injection intratumorale de NP. Le premier actif modèle encapsulé est l’acide tout-trans rétinoïque (RA), molécule immuno-modulatrice pouvant modifier les fonctions macrophagiques. Les NP-RA peuvent encapsuler environ 90% d’actif et présentent un profil de libération prolongée du RA pendant 4 jours combiné à une amélioration de sa stabilité. De plus, ces NP-RA ont montré qu’elles pouvaient engendrer in vitro, une modification de l’expression de certains gènes des macrophages. Le deuxième type d’actif encapsulé lors de ces travaux est la vitamine D3 et ses dérivés (25-OH-vitamine D3 et 1,25-(OH)2-vitamine D3) possédant des propriétés anticancéreuses mais à l’origine de nombreux effets secondaires dus à un manque de spécificité d’action. L’objectif serait alors de mieux cibler les cellules tumorales grâce aux macrophages infiltrant ces tumeurs et d’éviter ainsi les hypercalcémies secondaires dues à l’administration de fortes doses de vitamine D3. Une étude in vitro sur une lignée cellulaire de cancer de sein (MCF-7) a permis de montrer l’avantage des NP pour prolonger et intensifier l’action antiproliférative des dérivés de vitamine D3Macrophages are the major leukocyte population present in tumors, so-called tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), promoting tumor growth. These macrophages could be an interesting therapeutic target for nanoparticulate delivery systems known to be easily recognized and phagocytosed by macrophages after local or parenteral administration. The aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanoparticles (NP) for targeting TAM. NP could modulate macrophage functions or use them as storage of anticancer drugs. After a formulation study, the 200 nm NP of poly(D, L) lactic acid were selected. These NP showed a good internalization by macrophages in vitro and specific targeting of TAM in human glioma tumor implanted in nude mice after intratumoral injection of NP. All-trans retinoic acid (RA, immuno-modulator) was first encapsulated with an encapsulation efficiency of 90%. RA-NP have a sustained release profile for 4 days and enhance stability of the RA. Changes in gene expression of RA-NP treated macrophages were observed in vitro. Secondly, active-metabolites of vitamin D3 (25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3) were encapsulated for their anticancer properties. The aim was to target the tumor cells via TAM avoiding the hypercalcemia produced by high doses of vitamin D3. In vitro evaluations on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) highlighted NP advantages to extend and enhance the antiproliferative action of vitamin D3 derivative

Développement de nanoparticules polymères pour le ciblage des macrophages et la modulation des leurs fonctions physiologiques

Macrophages are the major leukocyte population present in tumors, so-called tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), promoting tumor growth. These macrophages could be an interesting therapeutic target for nanoparticulate delivery systems known to be easily recognized and phagocytosed by macrophages after local or parenteral administration. The aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanoparticles (NP) for targeting TAM. NP could modulate macrophage functions or use them as storage of anticancer drugs. After a formulation study, the 200 nm NP of poly(D, L) lactic acid were selected. These NP showed a good internalization by macrophages in vitro and specific targeting of TAM in human glioma tumor implanted in nude mice after intratumoral injection of NP. All-trans retinoic acid (RA, immuno-modulator) was first encapsulated with an encapsulation efficiency of 90%. RA-NP have a sustained release profile for 4 days and enhance stability of the RA. Changes in gene expression of RA-NP treated macrophages were observed in vitro. Secondly, active-metabolites of vitamin D3 (25-OH-vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3) were encapsulated for their anticancer properties. The aim was to target the tumor cells via TAM avoiding the hypercalcemia produced by high doses of vitamin D3. In vitro evaluations on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) highlighted NP advantages to extend and enhance the antiproliferative action of vitamin D3 derivativesLes macrophages représentent une population de cellules immunes très présente dans certaines tumeurs malignes au sein desquelles ils vont jouer un rôle marqué dans la progression tumorale. Les macrophages représentent donc une cible thérapeutique intéressante dans le traitement de ces tumeurs infiltrées. Ce ciblage des macrophages peut être envisagé grâce à des vecteurs comme les systèmes d’encapsulation nanoparticulaires connus pour être facilement phagocytés par les macrophages après une administration locale ou parentérale. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a donc été de développer des nanoparticules polymères (NP) capable de cibler les macrophages infiltrés dans la tumeur et de libérer in situ un principe actif encapsulé au sein de ces NP. Les NP pourraient ainsi modifier les fonctions des macrophages ou encore permettre l’utilisation des macrophages comme une réserve d’actif anticancéreux. Après une étude de formulation, des NP à base d’acide poly(D,L)lactique de taille de 200 nm ont été sélectionnées. Ces NP présentent une bonne internalisation par les macrophages in vitro et un ciblage spécifique des macrophages infiltrés dans une tumeur de gliome humain, implantée chez des souris nudes, suite à une injection intratumorale de NP. Le premier actif modèle encapsulé est l’acide tout-trans rétinoïque (RA), molécule immuno-modulatrice pouvant modifier les fonctions macrophagiques. Les NP-RA peuvent encapsuler environ 90% d’actif et présentent un profil de libération prolongée du RA pendant 4 jours combiné à une amélioration de sa stabilité. De plus, ces NP-RA ont montré qu’elles pouvaient engendrer in vitro, une modification de l’expression de certains gènes des macrophages. Le deuxième type d’actif encapsulé lors de ces travaux est la vitamine D3 et ses dérivés (25-OH-vitamine D3 et 1,25-(OH)2-vitamine D3) possédant des propriétés anticancéreuses mais à l’origine de nombreux effets secondaires dus à un manque de spécificité d’action. L’objectif serait alors de mieux cibler les cellules tumorales grâce aux macrophages infiltrant ces tumeurs et d’éviter ainsi les hypercalcémies secondaires dues à l’administration de fortes doses de vitamine D3. Une étude in vitro sur une lignée cellulaire de cancer de sein (MCF-7) a permis de montrer l’avantage des NP pour prolonger et intensifier l’action antiproliférative des dérivés de vitamine D

Development of polymeric nanoparticles for targeting and modulating macrophage functions

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Development of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 nanoparticles for application in chemotherapy: formulation study

International audienc

Développement de nanoparticules polymères pour le ciblage et la modulation des macrophages

International audienc

Development of polymeric nanoparticles for targeting and modulating macrophage functions

International audienc