De la tombe au territoire : les pratiques funéraires en Normandie durant l’âge du Bronze ancien et moyen

La Normandie a fait l’objet, depuis une vingtaine d’années, de nombreux programmes de recherche centrés sur l’âge du Bronze (entre 2300 et 800 avant notre ère) et abordant les notions de chronologie, d’habitat et d’emprise territoriale. Dans ces travaux résolument multiscalaires, la variable funéraire, sans être minorée, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’un travail complet et ce, malgré un fort potentiel. Les contextes funéraires de l’âge du Bronze mis au jour en Normandie se sont en effet multiplié..

Negative priming in a gender decision task and in a semantic categorization task

International audienc

L'amorçage négatif : influence du mismatch et remise en cause du modèle de l'inhibition sélective

Trois séries d'expériences sont proposées dans cette thèse dans le but de mettre en évidence les conditions d'apparition de l'amorçage négatif. A l'aide de tâche aussi variées que la décision de genre, la catégorisation sémantique, le jugement de caractéristiques de formes sans signification ou de visages, nous avons montré que cet effet peut apparaître sans sélection d'un item principal parmi un (ou des) distracteurs. En effet, dans toutes les expériences décrites dans cette thèse, les amorces et les cibles étaient systématiquement présentées seules ce qui met d'emblée en échec une explication en termes d'inhibition de l'information distractrice. Dès lors, nos résultats sont en faveur de modèles basés sur la récupération de traces épisodiques en mémoire à long terme (M..T.) et l'amorçage négatif se développe lorsque des propriétés conflictuelles sont partagées par l'amorce et la cible. Néanmoins ces propriétés conflictuelles doivent pouvoir être prise en compte par le système mnésique, soit par de conditions expérimentales autorisant l'encodage de l'amorce comme un épisode de traitement distinct de celui de la cible (amorçage on-line), soit par l'utilisation d'un matériel expérimental favorisant ces mécanismes de récupération de traces épisodiques (visages versus formes sans signification).In three experiment series we tested the hypothesis that negative priming (NP) can occur without prime or target selection, when conflicting properties are associated with the prime and the target. We demonstrated that this effect only appeared when subjects were able to encode primes correctly, either when experimental conditions allow the encoding of the target as a separate episode from the prime (on-line priming), or by using stimuli increasing episodic trace retrieval process (faces versus shapes long term priming). Our results seem problematic for the inhibition view of negative priming which is based on selective attention. Indeed our paradigm without distractor presentation can be accommodated within the selection-feature mismatch theory based on the episodic retrieval theory.LYON2/BRON-BU (690292101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Reasons for the spatial aggregation of indicators: A case study in water management

Special session: Negotiating diverging values, interests and institutions in the spatial goverance of commons Special session: Negotiating diverging values, interests and institutions in the spatial goverance of commonsSpecial session: Negotiating diverging values, interests and institutions in the spatial goverance of commonsReasons for the spatial aggregation of indicators: A case study in water management. 12. Conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics (ESEE

Post-normal science in practice: a method proposal and its application to agricultural water management

Agricultural water management in a typical case of problems requiring a post-normal approach: when facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decision urgent. Notwithstanding, putting in practice the principles of post-normal science is a difficult task, which challenges our capacity to bring together analytical and deliberative tools and methods, as well as our academic representations and models, as they often mask diversity. In this communication we report on a method we developed and implemented to have diverse stakeholders evaluate alternatives for water management in a French agricultural landscape suffering from water imbalance and social tensions. The method, which we labelled multi-actor multi-criteria evaluation combined with integrated assessment and modelling (MAMCE-IAM), is comprised of six steps: problem structuring, translation for modelling, integrated assessment and modelling, translation for evaluation, group evaluation and analysis and collective discussion. In the application of the method, we used the tool MAELIA, a modelling and simulation platform for water management issues, and the tool Kerbabel, a deliberation-support tool. The method proved successful in addressing post-normal challenges and especially useful for creating synergies between analytical stages and deliberation stages. Our understanding of water management issues progressed along with our capability to point out the most salient elements of debate in the case study. However, meeting those challenges raised new challenges. Especially, time constraints and reception of post-normal approach outside academia need to be better accounted for in the practice of post-normal science

Structurer un problème de choix social pour engager un processus de délibération – l’exemple de la gestion quantitative de l’eau dans un territoire agricole

Structurer un problème de choix social pour engager un processus de délibération – l’exemple de la gestion quantitative de l’eau dans un territoire agricole . Doctoriales Sciences Sociales de l’ea

Spatial aggregation of indicators in sustainability assessments: Descriptive and normative claims

International audienceIndicators are widely used in sustainability assessments. They serve both a descriptive function (i.e.., assessing a situation or effects of potential changes) and a normative function (i.e., allowing the expression of value judgments). These functions are usually considered when identifying and using indicators. However, processes such as formalization, estimation, and customization are needed to produce tangible indicators. These processes and their influence on sustainability assessments are studied less often. We focus on spatial aggregation, a specific type of customization commonly used for landscape-scale and regional assessments. Using a database with 146 indicator profiles for water management, we investigated reasons for spatial aggregation choices, i.e. whether indicators based on spatially-explicit data are aggregated while under development or are provided to users in a disaggregated form. Although the literature assigns a descriptive function to spatial aggregation, our database shows that reasons underlying aggregation choices are more diverse. These reasons include highlighting differences, fitting to the scale of a process, fitting to criteria, recognizing a lack of knowledge, expressing social rationality, contextualizing information, and allowing different interpretations of the same indicator. Some of these reasons reflect the choice to expand or reduce the range of potential uses of an indicator, and therefore the potential for different viewpoints to confront each other. Hence, normative claims combine with descriptive claims when aggregating indicators, and even more so when customizing them. In general, the form of indicators merits more attention in the practice and theory of sustainability assessments

How do multi-criteria assessments address landscape-level problems? A review of studies and practices

Viewing the landscape as a spatialized social-ecological system allows identification of specific management challenges: integration of multiple views, multiple levels of organization, complex spatial-temporal patterns and uncertainties. Multi-criteria assessments (MCAs), which allow the comparison of alternative actions when multiple interests collide, are considered adequate to support landscape management. However, there is no consensusabout how they should be applied and can integrate both multiple views and spatial dimension. We conducted an extensive quantitative and qualitative literature review targeting MCAs with a participatory and spatial approach. Our results suggest that (1) for sustainability assessments, participatory and spatial approaches endorse different rationales and hybrid methods are not so common; (2) within those methods, only scenario-selection methods (asopposed to design methods) can integrate spatially-explicit, spatially-implicit, place-specific, and overall values; and (3) current applications, which aggregate values ignoring their spatial and social distribution, do not coincide with the nature of landscape-management challenges. In addition, they give little importance to the structuration of information and to collective deliberation. We conclude that, in the absence of a good match between spatiality andparticipation, MCAs should, for now, be handled as insightful but distorted tools to explore and structure landscape-level management problems

Structurer un problème de choix social pour engager un processus de délibération – l’exemple de la gestion quantitative de l’eau dans un territoire agricole

Structurer un problème de choix social pour engager un processus de délibération – l’exemple de la gestion quantitative de l’eau dans un territoire agricole . Doctoriales Sciences Sociales de l’ea

A multicriteria assessment method to compare scenarios of water management in agricultural landscapes

Session D4: Water Resources Management and Planning - Modelling and Software for Improving Decisions and Engaging StakeholdersSession D4: Water Resources Management and Planning - Modelling and Software for Improving Decisions and Engaging StakeholdersIn the Aveyron watershed (South-Western France), where the agricultural economy mainlyrelies on irrigated productions (maize and fruits), engaging changes in quantitative water managementis socially challenging. The watershed suffers from a structural misbalance between the water demandand the water offer, and recurring crises in the low-flow period lead to emergency restrictions of use.This situation tenses competing stakeholder positions and erodes the social-ecological system’sresilience.Characterizing and valuing options for change can support decision-making. Nonetheless,the various expert assessments that flourished as answers to political incentives for a bettermanagement of watershed did not succeed in bringing out socially-accepted solutions. Wehypothesize that expert judgments (alone) cannot frame problems that also arise from colliding valuesand interests. Hence we built a spatialized multi-actor multi-criteria assessment method in order tomap out matches and mismatches between the people involved and between the stakes relevant tothem.This method proceeds through various steps: 1) Problem structuring: relevant stakeholders areidentified; criteria and scenarios are defined following a bottom-up approach; 2) Definition andevaluation of a set of indicators for each scenario, using mainly model simulations of watermanagement; 3) Mapping out stakeholder judgments; 4) Collective deliberation over the sociallyrelevantoption(s) for change. A specificity of the method lies in the way stakeholder judgments areelicited and represented (step 3). Indicators constitute arguments that stakeholders can combine toexpress their judgments. Stakeholders map out where one scenario is acceptable to them and whereit is not (spatialized judgments). In addition, they can define places of special importance for eachcriterion (spatialized weights). Integrating those maps would help change the focus from “whichscenario is the best” to “where does a scenario bring out conflicts and where is it consensual option”.We expect such a transformation to favour social learning and the design of new technical andorganizational solutions for watershed management