Physicochemical Properties of Egg Yolk Powder from Eggs of Different Types of Bird

The goal of this study was to determine whether the physicochemical properties of egg yolk powders produced from eggs from different types of bird (Fighting chicken, Kampung chicken, Serama chicken, Leghorn chicken, Guineafowl, and Turkey) differ from each other and from those of commercial egg yolk powder. The powders were analysed to determine yield; proximate composition; colour, solubility; water holding capacity (WHC); and emulsion activity and stability. Egg yolk powders were prepared by separating the egg yolk manually followed by blast freezing and freeze drying. The weight of the egg ranged from 22.16 g for Serama to 66.25 g for Turkey. The lowest yield of egg yolk liquid was found in Leghorn egg (27.63) and highest in Serama egg (44.31).  Egg yolk powder yield was also lowest for Leghorn eggs (12.85%) , followed by Turkey (15.85%), Guineafowl (16.22%), Kampung (16.48%), Fighting (16.62%), and the highest for Serama (18.92%). All parameters studied except WHC differed significantly (p < 0.05) among at least some of the different egg yolk powders. Egg yolk powder from Serama chicken had the highest protein content (40.77%), lowest fat content (51.96%), highest solubility (20.20 oBrix), and lowest WHC (79.78 %). Egg yolk powder from Fighting chicken had the highest emulsion activity (54.13%) and that from Leghorn chicken had the highest emulsion stability (48.41%). Egg yolk powder from Guineafowl had the highest yellowness intensity (72.21), whereas the value was lowest (35.84) for commercial egg yolk powder. In conclusion, physicochemical properties of egg yolk powder depend on the source of the eggs

Sonocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B in Aqueous Solution in the Presence of Tio2 Coated Activated Carbon

AbstractSynthesis of titanium dioxide coated activated carbon (TiO2/AC) has been undertaken using sol-gel method and its application in Rhodamine B (RB) dye removal has been investigated. The synthesized sonocatalyst (TiO2/AC) was characterized by using SEM and FTIR techniques. The effects of the TiO2/AC on the sonocatalytic degradation of RB dye and the operational parameters such as pH, temperature, ultrasonic frequency with the presence/absence of sonocatalyst of the sonocatalytic degradation of RB were concerned in this study. The degradation efficiency of RB in aqueous solution could be achieved 82.21% with the addition of TiO2/AC at the best conditions. The best conditions for sonocatalytic degradation of RB were found to be pH 6, temperature 50°C, ultrasonic frequency of 30kHz with the presence of sonocatalyst for 60minutes

Production of the lactic acid from mango peel waste – Factorial experiment

AbstractThe production of lactic acid from mango peels using the bio-fermentation method was investigated. The possible relationship between the operational factors, namely process temperature (15 and 35 °C), initial medium pH (4 and 10) and duration of fermentation (3 and 6 days) on lactic acid production as the response was determined using the factorial design. Analysis of the data obtained showed there was a strong significant influence of the operational factors and their interactions on lactic acid production (P < 0.0001) of fermenting microorganisms. The regression model for lactic acid production fitted the data adequately and explained more than 99% of the variation in the response. The results also showed that the maximum production of lactic acid can be achieved at initial medium pH of 10; incubation time of 6 days; and at a temperature of 35 °C. The maximum production of lactic acid was 17.484 g/L. This study highlights the potential of mango peels as a low cost and economically viable fermentation substrate for the production of lactic acid

Statistical Analysis Of Solid Waste Generated In Selected Palm Oil Mill In Malaysia.

Similar types of industry sometimes have different solid waste management. In this study, Discriminant Analysis (DA) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were applied to analyze the solid waste generation from the perspective of the amount of solid wastes generated such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), potash ash, fibre, and shell from 5 different oil palm mills industry

An Investigation of Food Quality and Oil Stability Indices of Muruku by Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis

In the present study, the quality of Muruku, a popular Indian traditional snack prepared by deep frying, was determined. Seven different brands or types of Muruku were obtained based on packaging types. The average fat and moisture content were 29.27% to 45.47% and 0.73% to 5.35%, respectively. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids falls within the healthy range of 0.20 to 0.33. The oil indices analysis showed that the values of peroxide (PV), p-anisidine (PAV), acid value (AV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of the oil extracted from the Muruku were in the range of 3.52 to 10.27 meq O2/kg, 3.67 to 14.04, 3.71 to 15.73 mg KOH/g and 2.42 to 38.59 mg malonaldehyde eq/kg, respectively. Cluster analysis grouped the samples into four groups indicating differences in the quality of the snack. Discriminant analysis showed that average lightness, redness, yellowness values, saturated fatty acids content, TBA, PAV, and moisture content were the main contributors in discriminating the samples. This suggests that most of the Muruku samples were subjected secondary oxidation either due to long storage because of inappropriate packaging technology employed or exposure to light and heat, which may increase the risk of rancidity and toxicity

Pulp and Paper Potentials of Alkaline Peroxide Pre-Treated of Oil Palm Waste and Industrial Application

This chapter explores the potentials of the alkaline peroxide pre-treated oil palm vascular bundle (oil palm waste) in the industrial production of pulp, paper and other cellulosic products like microcrystalline cellulose. Management of this escalating waste is a herculean task and creates environmental hazards hence urgent action is needed to create value out of these waste biomass. The pulp and paper industry being a large consumer of lignocellulose materials preferred the use of coniferous and deciduous trees for pulp production and papermaking because their cellulose fibres in the pulp make durable paper. In addition to this, the global population explosion and the economic development has resulted in the significant increase in demand for paper. With improvements in pulp processing technology through the use of environmental benign technology like alkaline peroxide pre-treatment it has been considered as suitable for paper pulp and other cellulose based products such as microcrystalline cellulose. Characterization of the alkaline peroxide pre-treated oil palm vascular bundles using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses confirm the micro-sized cellulose fibres. Use of these lignocellulosic materials can reduce the burden on the forest while supporting the natural biodiversity

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. from Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by using improvement isolation methods

Abstract. Catfish is an important freshwater fish used in food supply may be infected by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. Due to its public health implications; an enhanced method of isolation of Salmonella spp. is desirable. A total of 60 samples (15 of whole-body of catfish, 15 of gills, 15 of intestines and 15 of water samples) collected from wet market in Penang (Malaysia) were examined. The aim of this study was to compare a pellet method to the conventional method (non-pellet method) of isolation of Salmonella spp. from different parts of catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) and water samples. In this study, the pellet method was assessed and compared to conventional method (non-pellet method). Three selective agars, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD), Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol 4 (XLT4), Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BSA), were used. Pellet method found to show significant difference (p&lt;0.05) on a total of 15 catfish samples. Higher prevalence obtained in pellet method was 53.33%, 80%, 40% growth on XLD, XLT4 and BSA, respectively. By using non-pellet method, the prevalence was 46.67%, 53.33%, 13.33% on XLD, XLT4 and BSA, respectively. Salmonella spp. presented on whole-body of catfish, gills, intestine and water for 80%, 40% 20% and 6.67%, respectively. This result indicates that the pellet method can isolate Salmonella sp. higher compared to non-pellet method

Differentiation of ripe and unripe fruit flour using mineral composition data—Statistical assessment

Data on the mineral composition and content of one heavy metal measured in three different fruit flours prepared from ripe and unripe fruits (pulp and peel) are presented. The mineral composition (sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn)) and content of one heavy metal (lead (Pb)) of the flours were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis showed that the data can be used for differentiation between different fruits and stages of ripeness, as revealed by discriminant analysis and cluster analysis. The data provided can be used by researchers and scientists in the differentiation of fruits based on major and minor mineral elements

Prediction of Optimal C: N Ratio in Different Palm Oil Mill Waste Mixtures and Its Evaluation of Earthworm Biomass

The oil palm industry has been recognized for its contribution towards economic growth and rapid development, it has also contributed to environmental pollution due to the production of huge quantities of by-products from the oil extraction process. Current research reports prediction of optimal CN ratio of different mixture percentages of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and palm pressed fiber (PPF) namely 100% (only POME), 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 0% (only PPF). Different mixture percentages with varying initial characters results in different C:N ratio which could affect the earthworm growth and the vermicomposting stability. Therefore, the present research aims to predict the optimal mixture by establishing a 3D base model. The models were generated having an average unified formula using mathematical software Matlab. The results obtained in this study indicates that the 3D polynomial graph can explain the relationship between different POME-PPF concentration with respect to earthworm growth and time showing ideal R2 value of 0.99. The regression analysis showed positive correlation between different mixture percentages and earthworm growth in 50% (r = 0.412), 60% (r = 0.509) and 70% (r = 0.441). Therefore, from the model it can conclude that 60% mixture of POME-PPF is an optimal mixture for the vermicomposting process