Klotzen, Nicht Kleckern (Strike Together, Not Divided!): the Panzer Divisions As New Dominating Strategy of Modern Warfare

The beginning of the Second World War was dominated by a new type of strategy developed by German General Heinz Guderian that overwhelmed the Allied armies in Poland and France. Guderian argued that the best way to win on the battlefield and avoid the stalemate of World War I should be done through the use of tanks grouped together in formation: the product of this strategy was embodied in the Panzer divisions that, through mobility and coordination of multiple weapons, were able to breach the enemy\u27s defensive lines with devastating effects

Nanofocusing with aberration-corrected rotationally parabolic refractive X-ray lenses

Wavefront errors of rotationally parabolic refractive X-ray lenses made of beryllium (Be CRLs) have been recovered for various lens sets and X-ray beam configurations. Due to manufacturing via an embossing process, aberrations of individual lenses within the investigated ensemble are very similar. By deriving a mean single-lens deformation for the ensemble, aberrations of any arbitrary lens stack can be predicted from the ensemble with \bar{\sigma} = 0.034λ. Using these findings the expected focusing performance of current Be CRLs are modeled for relevant X-ray energies and bandwidths and it is shown that a correction of aberrations can be realised without prior lens characterization but simply based on the derived lens deformation. The performance of aberration-corrected Be CRLs is discussed and the applicability of aberration-correction demonstrated over wide X-ray energy ranges

"m=1" coatings for neutron guides

A substantial fraction of the price for a supermirror neutron guide system is the shielding, which is needed because of the gamma radiation produced as a result of neutron absorption in the supermirror layers. Traditional coatings have been made of nickel-titanium heterostructures, but Ni and Ti also have a fairly high absorption cross section for cold and thermal neutrons. We examine a number of alternatives to Ni as part of a study to reduce the gamma radiation from neutron guides. Materials such as diamond and Be have higher neutron scattering density than Ni, smaller absorption cross section, and when a neutron is absorbed they emit gamma photons with lower energies. We present reflectivity data comparing Ni with Be and preliminary results from diamond coatings showing there use as neutron guide coatings. Calculations show that Be and diamond coatings emit two orders of magnitude fewer gamma photons compared to Ni, mainly because of the lower absorption cross section

Precision scans of the pixel cell response of double sided 3D pixel detectors to pion and x-ray beams

hree-dimensional (3D) silicon sensors offer potential advantages over standard planar sensors for radiation hardness in future high energy physics experiments and reduced charge-sharing for X-ray applications, but may introduce inefficiencies due to the columnar electrodes. These inefficiencies are probed by studying variations in response across a unit pixel cell in a 55μm pitch double-sided 3D pixel sensor bump bonded to TimePix and Medipix2 readout ASICs. Two complementary characterisation techniques are discussed: the first uses a custom built telescope and a 120GeV pion beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN; the second employs a novel technique to illuminate the sensor with a micro-focused synchrotron X-ray beam at the Diamond Light Source, UK. For a pion beam incident perpendicular to the sensor plane an overall pixel efficiency of 93.0±0.5% is measured. After a 10o rotation of the device the effect of the columnar region becomes negligible and the overall efficiency rises to 99.8±0.5%. The double-sided 3D sensor shows significantly reduced charge sharing to neighbouring pixels compared to the planar device. The charge sharing results obtained from the X-ray beam study of the 3D sensor are shown to agree with a simple simulation in which charge diffusion is neglected. The devices tested are found to be compatible with having a region in which no charge is collected centred on the electrode columns and of radius 7.6±0.6μm. Charge collection above and below the columnar electrodes in the double-sided 3D sensor is observed

"m=1" coatings for neutron guides

A substantial fraction of the price for a supermirror neutron guide system is the shielding, which is needed because of the gamma radiation produced as a result of neutron absorption in the supermirror layers. Traditional coatings have been made of nickel-titanium heterostructures, but Ni and Ti also have a fairly high absorption cross section for cold and thermal neutrons. We examine a number of alternatives to Ni as part of a study to reduce the gamma radiation from neutron guides. Materials such as diamond and Be have higher neutron scattering density than Ni, smaller absorption cross section, and when a neutron is absorbed they emit gamma photons with lower energies. We present reflectivity data comparing Ni with Be and preliminary results from diamond coatings showing there use as neutron guide coatings. Calculations show that Be and diamond coatings emit two orders of magnitude fewer gamma photons compared to Ni, mainly because of the lower absorption cross section

A method for detailed simulations of neutron diffraction from imperfect crystals

Abstract An upgraded version of the McStas Monochromator-curved module is presented. The new component, called Monochromator-reflect, is based on the use of input files for interpolating the neutron reflection and transmission probabilities according to the theoretical reflectivity of the crystal. These probabilities depend on the energy and angle at the crystal surface and also on the crystal mosaicity, geometry, material scattering cross-section, attenuation coefficient, and Bragg planes. We present details of the algorithm and definitions which are essential for a correct use of the module and show the improvements that it offers.

Effetto di starter autoctoni sulla qualità e la sicurezza di salami tradizionali spagnoli

Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi aveva l’obiettivo di valutare il potenziale tecnologico e bioprotettivo di ceppi di batteri lattici (LAB) isolati da salami tradizionali spagnoli. In particolare due ceppi (Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2 e Pediococcus acidilactici ST6) che avevano dimostrato buone performance in vitro sono stati utilizzati, da soli o in miscela, come colture starter per la produzione salami e i prodotti ottenuti sono stati confrontati con un controllo a fermentazione spontanea ed un prodotto addizionato di uno starter commerciale contenente LAB e stafilococchi. Per quanto riguarda gli aspetti tecnologici, il pH ha mostrato cinetiche di acidificazione simili in tutti i prodotti, mentre il calo peso era più lento nel controllo. A livello microbiologico, i campioni addizionati di colture starter hanno mostrato carichi di LAB molto più elevati già al tempo zero, senza differenze significative in relazione al ceppo utilizzato. Enterobatteri e lieviti hanno mostrato andamenti simili in tutti i campioni. L’utilizzo di colture starter ha invece avuto un impatto rilevante sul contenuto di ammine biogene, con valori totali doppi nel campione ottenuto con fermentazione spontanea, e sul profilo in metaboliti volatili (soprattutto a carico di composti derivanti dall’acido piruvico). L’aspetto più rilevante di questa tesi è stato ottenuto nel challenge test, utilizzando come microrganismo target Listeria monocytogenes (inoculo 3 log ufc/g): infatti, nel controllo e nei campioni contenenti starter commerciale, L. monocytogenes era in grado di crescere fino a valori superiori a 5.7 log ufc/g, mentre i ceppi BPF2 e ST6 hanno determinato una riduzione del suo carico cellulare (2.4 log ufc/g). Questo conferma quindi le grandi potenzialità anti-listeria dei due ceppi testati e la loro attitudine ad essere utilizzati, oltre che come starter per i salami, anche come colture bioprotettive con lo specifico compito di contrastare lo sviluppo di L. monocytogenes