The Effectiveness of Training Islamic Meaning the Students’ Accountability in School of Paramedical & Health in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services

Introduction: Due to limited studies on educational interventions and its effect on accountability, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Islamic meaning on the students’ accountability in School of Paramedical & Health in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Methods: This is an interventional study with pre-test/post-test design conducted by a control group. 30 students of School of Paramedical & Health in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services in 2015-2016 entered the study who were selected via multistage cluster sampling and divided randomly to two groups experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). Data collection was administered by the students' accountability questionnaire before the education as a pre-test to both experimental and control groups. Islamic meaning training course was prepared based on the Quran and was performed in 8 sessions for experimental groups. Finally, post-test was performed for both groups and data were analyzed by using statistical methods, multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: At baseline, the mean scores of experimental and control groups, no significant difference was observed responsibility, but after applying the independent variable, no notceable or significant difference was considerable. In other words, the Islamic meaning education cuase increase accountability in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Conclusion: as regards in this study, the Islamic meaning education promoted the students' accountability, therefore it seems this type of training can be a way of promoting self-esteem and thereby increasing the students' accountability

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Heavy Metals in Arid Soils at the Catchment Scale Using Digital Soil Assessment and a Random Forest Model

Predicting the spatio-temporal distribution of absorbable heavy metals in soil is needed to identify the potential contaminant sources and develop appropriate management plans to control these hazardous pollutants. Therefore, our aim was to develop a model to predict soil adsorbable heavy metals in arid regions of Iran from 1986 to 2016. Soil adsorbable heavy metals were measured in 201 samples from locations selected using the Latin hypercube sampling method in 2016. A random forest (RF) model was used to determine the relationship between a suite of geospatial predictors derived from remote sensing and digital elevation model data with georeferenced measurements of soil absorbable heavy metals. The trained RF model from 2016 was used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of soil absorbable heavy metals at three historical timesteps (1986, 1999, and 2010). Results indicated that the RF model was effective at predicting the distribution of heavy metals with coefficients of determination of 0.53, 0.59, 0.41, 0.45, and 0.60 for Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The predicted maps showed high spatio-temporal variability; for example, there were substantial increases in Pb (the 1.5–2 mg/kg−1 class) where its distribution increased by ~25% from 1988 to 2016—similar trends were observed for the other heavy metals. This study provides insights into the spatio-temporal trends and the potential causes of soil heavy metal contamination to facilitate appropriate planning and management strategies to prevent, control, and reduce the impact of heavy metal contamination in soils