Analisis Peramalan Kebutuhan Energi Listrik Provinsi Sumatera Utara Menggunakan Metode Peramalan Kuantitatif Sektoral

Seiring waktu kebutuhan dan permintaan listrik oleh masyarakat terus mengalami peningkatan. Agar persediaan listrik dapat tercukupi dan terhindar dari defisit energi maka perlu dilakukan suatu perencanaan. Langkah awal yang perlu dilakukan adalah melakukan peramalan kebutuhan energi listrik yang akan terjadi dimasa yang akan datang. Dalam peramalan penelitian ini telah dilakukan peramalan beberapa tahun kedepan dengan data aktual yang sudah terjadi untuk melihat keakuratan metode peramalan yang digunakan. Hasil dari peramalan telah dibandingkan dengan data aktual yang dicatat PLN. Data yang digunakan adalah data historis berupa data pelanggan, daya tersambung, Kebutuhan energi dan rasio elektrifikasi tahun 2007 sampai tahun 2014. Data historis tahun 2007 sampai tahun 2012 digunakan sebagai data untuk melakukan peramalan kebutuhan energi listrik pada tahun 2013 dan 2014. Data aktual tahun 2013 dan 2014 dibandingkan dengan data hasil peramalan tahun 2013 dan 2014. Selanjutnya data hasil peramalan tahun 2013 dan 2014 juga dibandingkan dengan data Proyeksi RUPTL PLN. Berdasarkan hasil dari peramalan untuk tahun 2013 dan 2014 dapat diketahui error jumlah pelanggan 0,04% dan 1,91%, Daya tersambung 3,44% dan 2.3%, dan kebutuhan energi 5,31% dan 7,71%. Jika dibandingkan dengan proyeksi dari RUPTL, hasil peramalan penelitian diperoleh hasil yang lebih baik karena error lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan RUPTL untuk tahun 2013 dari 6,41% sampai 13,2% sedangkan tahun 2014 mencapai error 10% sampai 17,55%. Dikarenakan hasil peramalan penelitian lebih mendekati data aktual maka dengan cara yang sama dapat direkomendasikan peramalan energi untuk 10 tahun kedepan

Harvesting Systems for RF Energy: Trends, Challenges, Techniques, and Tradeoffs

The RFEH design challenges can be broadly classified into overall radio frequency direct current (RF-to-DC) power conversion efficiency (PCE), form factor, operational bandwidth (BW), and compactness. A detailed overview of the essential components of an RFEH system is presented in this paper. Various design approaches have been proposed for the realization of compact RFEH circuits that contribute immensely to mm-wave rectenna design. Effective mechanisms for configuring the rectenna modules based on the recommended spectrums for the RFEH system were also outlined. This study featured a conceptual viewpoint on design tradeoffs, which were accompanied by profound EH solutions perspectives for wireless power communications. The work covers some challenges attributed to 5G EH in mm-wave rectenna: from a controlled source of communication signals to distributed ambient EH and system level design. Conversely, the primary targets of this work are to: (I) examine a wide range of ambient RF sources and their performance with various antennae and RF-rectifier layouts; (II) propose unique rectenna design techniques suitable for current trends in wireless technology; (III) explore numerous approaches for enhancing the rectenna or RF-rectifier efficiency in a low-power ambient environment; and (IV) present the findings of a comprehensive review of the exemplary research that has been investigated. These are aimed toward addressing the autonomous system’s energy challenges. Therefore, with the careful management of the reported designs, the rectenna systems described in this study would influence the upcoming advancement of the low-power RFEH module

Investigation on Wearable Antenna under Different Bending Conditions for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Applications

This paper analysed the effects of bending on the performance of a textile antenna wherein the antenna under test was made of felt substrate for both industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band and WBAN applications at 2.45 GHz. Moreover, the conductive material was used for the patch, and the ground plane used a 0.17 mm Shieldit textile. Meanwhile, the antenna structure was in the form of rectangular, with a line patch in between elements to abate the mutual coupling effect. The measured operating frequency range of the antenna spanned from 2.33 GHz to 2.5 GHz with a gain of 4.7 dBi at 2.45 GHz. In this paper, the antenna robustness was examined by bending the structure on different radii and degrees along both X- and Y-axis. Next, the effects on return loss, bandwidth, isolation, and radiation characteristics were analysed. This paper also discovered that the antenna’s performance remained acceptable as it was deformed, and the measured results agreed well with the simulation

A review of orbital angular momentum vortex waves for the next generation wireless communications

Abstract The next-generation wireless technology that can fulfill such a demand, namely the fifth-generation (5G) technology, should provide 1000 times larger capacity. Moreover, sixth-generation (6G) communication, which represents a significant upgrade from the fifth-generation (5G) network and is anticipated to operate from 100 GHz to 3 THz band, will be required in the years after 2030 due to newly developed data-hungry applications and the greatly expanded wireless network. To meet the ever-growing demands of wireless carriers, an efficient wireless access method that can improve wireless area throughput without expanding bandwidth or cell size is required. Radio Frequency (RF) Orbital Angular Momentum vortex waves (which is now on referred to as OAM waves) to address the concerns mentioned above have attracted much attention in recent years. Due to their orthogonality, different OAM waves of different modes can be multiplexed in the same frequency channel, which can greatly increase the channel capacity. Using the orthogonal modes, a new type of multiple access scheme known as Mode Domain Multiple Access (MDMA) can be used by multiple users using the same frequency channel without additional resources such as frequency and time. As a result, the channel capacity for the next generation wireless communication systems can be enhanced as well as the overall spectrum efficiency can be improved. This review paper begins with an overview of the next generation communication such as 5G communication technology and beyond. This paper first briefly discusses the theory of OAM waves and several methods to generate OAM waves. Various different designs have also been analyzed for their ability to generate OAM waves and discussion on several restrictions and solutions to resolve. Open concerns and development trends are discussed for possible future RF OAM antenna upgrades. This study also proposes that for next generation wireless communication employing OAM, the typically used Uniform Circular Array (UCA) could be paired with the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system to improve performance in dense or urban areas for multiusers. In addition, the purity of OAM-modes needs to be considered for efficient utilization of the OAM system for future communications at the radio domain