Study of MazEF, sam, and phd-doc putative toxin–antitoxin systems in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Today, to replace the antibacterial targets to overcome antibiotic resistance, toxin–antitoxin (TA) system is noticeable, where the unstable antitoxin neutralizes the stable toxin and protects the bacteria against the toxic effects. The presence and expression of TA genes in clinical and non-clinical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were investigated in this study. After identification of three TA pairs (mazEF, sam, and phd-doc) via existing databases (earlier, there has been no information in the case of S. epidermidis isolates), the presence and expression of these pairs were investigated by PCR and q-PCR, respectively. We detected three TA modules in all antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates. In addition, q-PCR analysis revealed that the transcripts were produced from the three TA modules. This study showed the significant prevalence of these systems in pathogenic bacteria and they were equally found in both oxacillin-resistant and oxacillin-susceptible bacteria. The high prevalence of three systems can make them suitable as potential targets for antibiotic therapy

Time-variable expression levels of mazF, atlE, sdrH, and bap genes during biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections related to the usage of implants and medical devices. Pathogenicity of this microorganism is mainly linked to its capability to form biofilm structures. Biofilm formation vastly depends on several factors including different proteins. We studied the expression levels of three proteins including SdrH, Bap, AtlE, and MazF at different time intervals during the course of biofilm formation. In this study, a catheter-derived S. epidermidis isolate with strong ability of biofilm formation was selected. PCR assay was used to detect sdrH, bap, atlE, and mazF genes in this isolate. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression levels of these genes after 4, 8, and 20 h during the course of biofilm formation. The studied genes showed different expression levels at different time intervals during biofilm formation by real-time PCR method. Expression levels of atlE and sdrH genes were the highest at 4 h, whereas bap gene showed the highest expression level at 8 h during the course of biofilm formation. In addition, the expression level of mazF gene peaked at 4 h and then progressively decreased at 8 and 20 h. Our results suggest the importance of AtlE, SdrH, and MazF proteins in the establishment and development of the biofilm structure. In addition, our results showed the important role of protein Bap in the accumulation of biofilm structure. Future studies are required to understand the exact role of MazF in the process of biofilm formation

Assessment of CpTi surface properties after nitrogen ion implantation with various dose and energy

Nitrogen ion implantation is one of the surface modification techniques used for increasing corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium (CpTi). The nitrogen ion implanted CpTi in various doses markedly changes the corrosion resistance. Still the effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the CpTi at different energies needs to be verified. This study uses different methods to assess the CpTi surface properties after nitrogen ion implantation in various doses and energy. Surface hardness of the CpTi increases with an increase of the dose and decreases with an increase of the energy. The precipitation of the TiN increases with an increase of the nitrogen dose, and no formation of the Ti2N phase clearly appears. Corrosion resistance of the CpTi specimens can be upgraded to some extent after their surfaces are modified, implanting nitrogen ions at 100 keV by increasing dose. The optimum surface properties of the implanted CpTi are analyzed to contribute to materials science technology